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Table 1 Demographic and clinical variables at baseline according to the incidence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy

From: Glycated albumin and its variability as an indicator of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy development in type 2 diabetic patients

 

Incident CAN

No (n = 445)

Yes (n = 53)

P value

Age (years)

58.5 ± 9.9

58.5 ± 13.0

0.999

Male, n (%)

273 (61.3)

26 (49.1)

0.084

Body mass index (kg/m2)

25.5 ± 6.8

25.6 ± 3.9

0.867

Duration of type 2 DM (years)

11.0 ± 6.8

15.2 ± 8.9

<0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

125.8 ± 14.3

128.5 ± 19.0

0.207

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

77.7 ± 10.5

75.5 ± 13.1

0.205

Lipid profile (mg/dL)

 Total cholesterol

143.6 ± 24.1

151.5 ± 23.5

0.025

 Triglycerides

128.6 ± 68.4

139.0 ± 76.9

0.299

 LDL cholesterol

78.1 ± 21.4

83.4 ± 20.6

0.715

 HDL cholesterol

53.6 ± 14.7

52.8 ± 19.1

0.090

FPG (mg/dL)

137.1 ± 31.8

180.5 ± 76.9

<0.001

Postprandial glucose (mg/dL)a

195.3 ± 57.9

227.6 ± 74.9

<0.001

Glycated albumin (%)

16.9 ± 3.5

24.6 ± 7.8

<0.001

Hemoglobin A1c (%)

7.0 ± 0.8

8.7 ± 1.8

<0.001

Hemoglobin A1c (mmol/mol)

52.8 ± 9.3

71.7 ± 19.5

<0.001

Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL)

2.3 ± 1.1

2.0 ± 1.0

0.068

Estimated GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

84.5 ± 15.1

84.3 ± 16.9

0.933

Use of insulin, n (%)

51 (11.5)

25 (47.2)

<0.001

Use of oral anti-diabetic drug, n (%)

 Metformin, n (%)

406 (91.2)

47 (88.7)

0.540

 Sulfonylurea, n (%)

138 (31.0)

15 (28.3)

0.687

 Glinide, n (%)

3 (0.7)

2 (3.8)

0.032

 Thiazolidinedione, n (%)

63 (14.2)

10 (18.9)

0.360

 DPP-4 inhibitor, n (%)

263 (59.1)

33 (62.3)

0.658

 α-Glucosidase inhibitor, n (%)

10 (2.2)

0 (0.0)

0.271

 SGLT-2 inhibitor, n (%)

43 (9.7)

8 (15.1)

0.218

 GLP-1 agonist

3 (0.7)

2 (3.8)

0.032

Use of lipid-lowering agent

 Statin, n (%)

319 (71.7)

38 (71.7)

0.841

 Other, n (%)

8 (1.8)

0 (0.0)

0.318

Use of anti-hypertensive therapy

 ACE inhibitor or ARB, n (%)

166 (37.3)

27 (50.9)

0.054

 CCB, n (%)

71 (16.0)

14 (26.4)

0.056

 Thiazide, n (%)

52 (11.7)

7 (13.2)

0.746

 Beta-blocker, n (%)

8 (1.8)

1 (1.9)

0.995

Current smoker, n (%)

99 (22.2)

12 (22.6)

0.948

Autonomic function test, n (%)

  Exhalation: inhalation ratio

1 (0.2)

8 (15.1)

<0.001

  30:15 ratio

269 (60.4)

49 (92.5)

<0.001

  Valsalva ratio

11 (2.5)

17 (32.1)

<0.001

  Postural BP change

0 (0.0)

1 (1.9)

0.004

  1. Data are presented as mean ± SD, median (25th to 75th percentile), or percentage
  2. Lower limit of the age-specific reference range of the E:I ratio: age 20–24 years, 1.17; age 25–29, 1.15; age 30–34, 1.13; age 35–39, 1.12; age 40–44, 1.10; age 45–49, 1.08; age 50–54, 1.07; age 55–59, 1.06; age 60–64, 1.04; age 65–69, 1.03; and age 70–75, 1.02
  3. Lower limit of the age-specific reference range of the 30:15 ratio: age 20–24 years 1.15; age 25–29, 1.14; age 30–34, 1.12; age 35–39, 1.11; age 40–44, 1.10; age 45–49, 1.09; age 50–54, 1.08; age 55–59, 1.07; age 60–64, 1.07; age 65–69, 1.06; and age 70–75, 1.06
  4. Lower limit of the age-specific reference range of the Valsalva ratio: age 20–24 years, 1.43; age 25–29, 1.38; age 30–34, 1.33; age 35–39, 1.28; age 40–44, 1.24; age 45–49, 1.20; age 50–54, 1.16; age 55–59, 1.12; age 60–64, 1.08; age 65–69, 1.04; and age 70–75, 1.00
  5. The reference range of postural BP change (decrease in systolic BP): normal ≤ 10 mmHg, borderline 11–29 mmHg, and abnormal ≥ 30 mmHg
  6. CAN cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, DM diabetes mellitus, BP blood pressure, LDL, low density lipoprotein, HDL high density lipoprotein, FPG fasting plasma glucose, GFR glomerular filtration rate, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase 4, SGLT-2 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, CCB calcium channel blocker
  7. aMeasured in 476 subjects
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840