Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) is elevated in type 2 diabetics with carotid artery stenosis and reduced under metformin treatment

Table 3 Univariate and multiple linear regression models for serum NGAL (A) and MMP-9/NGAL (B, log-transformed) concentrations in the total cohort

	Univariate models		Multiple model
	β ± SE^a	p	β ± SE^a	p
(A)
BMI	−0.21 ± 1.01	0.832	0.42 ± 0.67	0.532
Creatinine (rank-transformed)	0.32 ± 0.10	0.002	0.14 ± 0.07	0.056
Neutrophils (log-transformed)	35.9 ± 12.1	0.003	4.4 ± 8.6	0.609
Plaque ultrasound		<0.0001		0.004
“calcified/hard”vs. “soft”	−59.3 ± 7.3		−18.4 ± 7.6
“mixed” vs. “soft”	−55.5 ± 9.2		−26.1 ± 8.0
Histological classification		<0.0001		<0.0001
Type VI vs. type V	56.6 ± 7.5		33.0 ± 7.3
Type VII vs. type V	−21.7 ± 7.4		−18.8 ± 6.8
Symptomatic (yes vs. no)	27.8 ± 8.0	0.0007	12.9 ± 5.6	0.023
T2DM (yes vs. no)	50.8 ± 6.9	<0.0001	29.1 ± 6.0	<0.0001
(B)
BMI	0.03 ± 0.02	0.086	0.03 ± 0.02	0.100
Creatinine (rank-transformed)	−0.001 ± 0.0020	0.517	−0.002 ± 0.002	0.391
Neutrophils (log-transformed)	0.89 ± 0.20	<0.0001	0.57 ± 0.22	0.010
Plaque ultrasound		0.0004		0.257
“calcified/hard”vs. “soft”	−0.59 ± 0.15		−0.26 ± 0.19
“mixed” vs. “soft”	−0.49 ± 0.19		−0.31 ± 0.20
Histological classification		0.004		0.196
Type VI vs. type V	0.45 ± 0.17		0.27 ± 0.19
Type VII vs. type V	−0.13 ± 0.17		−0.12 ± 0.17
Symptomatic (yes vs. no)	−0.08 ± 0.15	0.602	−0.17 ± 0.14	0.239
T2DM (yes vs. no)	0.34 ± 0.14	0.017	0.04 ± 0.15	0.801

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