Fig. 4

The Nrf2 activator dh404 inhibits pro-inflammatory markers and leukocyte–endothelial interactions in vitro. a VCAM-1 and d p65 gene expression is shown here. Gene expression is relative to control HAECs. b Representative VCAM-1 Western Blot and c quantification based on n = 3 blots. VCAM-1 is expressed based on loading protein for each sample and quantified relative to control HAECs. e Representative images and f quantification of adherent human THP-1 monocytic cells to control and diabetic HAECs treated with TNF-α and dh404. Data are presented as ±SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 and ****P < 0.0001 versus respective control treatments. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 and ^####P < 0.0001 versus respective TNF-α treated control and diabetic HAECs. N = 3–5 per group