Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants without prevalent diabetes by ABI categories
Characteristics | ABI ≤ 0.90 | 0.91–1.00 | 1.01–1.10 | 1.11–1.20 | 1.21–1.30 | 1.31–1.40 | ABI > 1.40 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 455 (3.7) | 1529 (12.5) | 2894 (23.6) | 3633 (29.7) | 2509 (20.5) | 924 (7.5) | 303 (2.5) |
Age, mean (SD), yearsa | 54.9 (5.9) | 53.7 (5.8) | 53.4 (5.6) | 53.9 (5.8) | 53.9 (5.6) | 54.6 (5.7) | 55.1 (5.7) |
Female, no. (%)a | 321 (70.6) | 1116 (73.0) | 1867 (64.5) | 1903 (52.4) | 1104 (44.0) | 373 (40.4) | 125 (41.3) |
Black, no. (%)a | 121 (26.6) | 357 (23.4) | 700 (24.2) | 867 (23.9) | 542 (21.6) | 177 (19.2) | 47 (15.5) |
BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2a | 27.7 (6.0) | 27.7 (5.8) | 27.1 (5.2) | 27.0 (4.7) | 27.0 (4.6) | 27.4 (4.8) | 28.3 (5.5) |
Height, mean (SD), cma | 165.2 (8.9) | 165.5 (8.5) | 167.0 (9.0) | 169.2 (9.3) | 170.5 (9.3) | 171.4 (9.5) | 170.3 (9.5) |
Current drinker, no. (%)a | 244 (53.6) | 874 (57.2) | 1698 (58.7) | 2189 (60.3) | 1525 (60.8) | 550 (59.5) | 163 (53.8) |
Current smoker, no. (%)a | 167 (36.7) | 440 (28.8) | 798 (27.6) | 855 (23.5) | 602 (24.0) | 195 (21.1) | 63 (20.8) |
Arm SBP, mean (SD), mmHga | 123.0 (19.7) | 121.0 (19.2) | 120.3 (18.8) | 119.7 (17.5) | 118.2 (16.6) | 118.0 (15.8) | 117.6 (15.3) |
Heart rate. mean (SD), /mina | 68.5 (11.4) | 67.7 (10.5) | 66.9 (9.7) | 65.8 (9.6) | 64.5 (9.6) | 64.3 (9.4) | 64.2 (9.8) |
Hypertension medication, no. (%)a | 169 (37.1) | 449 (29.4) | 810 (28.0) | 932 (25.7) | 587 (23.4) | 221 (23.9) | 95 (31.4) |
Prevalent CHD, no. (%)a | 30 (6.6) | 68 (4.5) | 103 (3.6) | 137 (3.8) | 103 (4.1) | 38 (4.1) | 20 (6.6) |
History of stroke or TIA, no. (%)a | 33 (7.3) | 68 (4.5) | 123 (4.3) | 151 (4.2) | 99 (4.0) | 26 (2.8) | 15 (5.0) |
Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mmol/la | 5.8 (1.1) | 5.6 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.5 (1.1) | 5.5 (1.0) | 5.5 (1.0) | 5.5 (1.1) |
HDL, mean (SD), mmol/la | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) |
Triglyceride, median (IQR), mmol/la | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) |
Statin use, no. (%) | 5 (1.1) | 13 (0.9) | 16 (0.6) | 12 (0.3) | 9 (0.4) | 5 (0.5) | 2 (0.7) |
Fasting glucose, mean (SD), mmol/l | 5.5 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.5) |
Fasting insulin, median (25, 75%), pmol/la | 71.8 (43.1–107.6) | 64.6 (43.1–100.5) | 64.6 (43.1–93.3) | 64.6 (43.1–93.3) | 64.6 (43.1–93.3) | 64.6 (43.1–93.3) | 71.8 (43.1–107.6) |
HOMA-IR, median (25, 75%)a | 2.8 (1.8–4.3) | 2.6 (1.7–4.0) | 2.5 (1.6–4.0) | 2.5 (1.6–3.9) | 2.5 (1.7–3.8) | 2.6 (1.7–4.0) | 2.8 (1.7–4.6) |
Parental history of diabetes, no. (%) | 104 (22.9) | 363 (23.7) | 633 (21.9) | 809 (22.3) | 580 (23.1) | 190 (20.6) | 76 (25.1) |
White blood cell count, median (25, 75%), 103a | 6.3 (5.1–7.5) | 5.9 (4.9–7.2) | 5.8 (4.8–7.0) | 5.6 (4.7–6.9) | 5.6 (4.7–6.9) | 5.7 (4.7–6.8) | 5.6 (4.7–6.9) |
Fibrinogen, median (25, 75%), mg/dla | 314 (277–362) | 295 (261–342) | 295 (260–336) | 288 (255–327) | 285 (255–324) | 286 (254–323) | 294 (261–333) |
Physical activity index, mean (SD)a | 6.7 (1.5) | 6.9 (1.5) | 7.0 (1.4) | 7.1 (1.4) | 7.2 (1.4) | 7.2 (1.4) | 7.2 (1.5) |