Vitamin D modifies the associations between circulating betatrophin and cardiometabolic risk factors among youths at risk for metabolic syndrome

Junling Fu; Cong Hou; Lujiao Li; Dan Feng; Ge Li; Mingyao Li; Changhong Li; Shan Gao; Ming Li

doi:10.1186/s12933-016-0461-y

Cardiovascular Diabetology

Table 2 Relationship between sex-standardized betatrophin quartiles and cardiometabolic risk factors

From: Vitamin D modifies the associations between circulating betatrophin and cardiometabolic risk factors among youths at risk for metabolic syndrome

Parameters	Betatrophin				P value
Parameters	Q1 (n = 138)	Q2 (n = 139)	Q3 (n = 138)	Q4 (n = 138)	P value
Male gender, n (%)	73 (52.9 %)	73 (52.5 %)	73 (52.9 %)	73 (52.9 %)	/
Age (years)	20.5 ± 3.1	20.0 ± 2.8	19.8 ± 2.9	20.4 ± 2.9	0.170
Obesity traits
BMI (kg/m²)	25.5 ± 5.5	24.7 ± 5.2	25.9 ± 6.0	26.6 ± 5.9	0.051
WC (cm)	85.1 ± 13.8	83.1 ± 13.5	85.2 ± 15.5	87.3 ± 15.2	0.120
Percent body fat	30.1 ± 10.2	29.4 ± 9.5	30.2 ± 10.3	31.5 ± 10.4	0.346
Pressures (mm Hg)
SBP	115 ± 14.9	113 ± 12.1	115 ± 13.5	116 ± 15.5	0.331
DBP	72 ± 10.7	73 ± 10.5	72.9 ± 9.5	75 ± 11.3	0.402
Lipids (mmol/l)
TC	4.27 ± 0.82	4.19 ± 0.82	4.29 ± 0.79	4.65 ± 1.17*^,+,$	<0.001
TG	0.98 ± 0.53	1.02 ± 0.44	1.17 ± 0.85*	1.37 ± 1.23*^,+	<0.001
LDL-C	2.49 ± 0.71	2.40 ± 0.73	2.47 ± 0.66	2.77 ± 0.98*^,+,$	<0.001
HDL-C	1.44 ± 0.29	1.42 ± 0.31	1.43 ± 0.35	1.45 ± 0.34	0.870
Glucose and insulin-related traits
Glucose₀ (mmol/l)	4.86 ± 0.51	4.97 ± 1.12	4.89 ± 0.44	4.95 ± 0.48	0.495
Glucose₃₀ (mmol/l)	7.79 ± 1.33	7.99 ± 1.80	7.91 ± 1.42	8.05 ± 1.43	0.545
Glucose₁₂₀ (mmol/l)	5.92 ± 1.30	6.01 ± 2.68	6.18 ± 1.45	6.15 ± 1.65	0.631
HbA1c (%)	5.34 ± 0.37	5.42 ± 0.66	5.35 ± 0.36	5.40 ± 0.48	0.515
Insulin₀ (mU/L)^a	1.91 ± 0.71	1.88 ± 0.66	1.96 ± 0.74	1.98 ± 0.84	0.665
Insulin₃₀ (mU/L)^a	4.30 ± 0.72	4.20 ± 0.63	4.31 ± 0.76	4.20 ± 0.78	0.460
Insulin₁₂₀ (mU/L)^a	3.61 ± 0.79	3.53 ± 0.79	3.61 ± 0.70	3.65 ± 0.90	0.661
HOMA-IR^a	0.37 ± 0.75	0.36 ± 0.70	0.43 ± 0.75	0.46 ± 0.87	0.636
ISI ^a_M	1.79 ± 0.65	1.83 ± 0.58	1.77 ± 0.65	1.79 ± 0.72	0.872
IGI^a	0.29 ± 0.84	0.16 ± 0.76	0.26 ± 0.83	0.16 ± 0.80	0.423
DIO^a	2.09 ± 0.87	2.00 ± 0.79	2.02 ± 0.65	1.93 ± 0.77	0.436
Hepar and renal-related traits
AST (IU/L)^a	2.91 ± 0.25	2.96 ± 0.35	2.94 ± 0.28	2.97 ± 0.39	0.412
ALT (IU/L)^a	2.92 ± 0.49	2.94 ± 0.52	2.95 ± 0.53	3.04 ± 0.60	0.248
Creatinine (umol/L)^a	4.17 ± 0.19	4.19 ± 0.23	4.19 ± 0.19	4.22 ± 0.28	0.333
Uric acid (umol/L)^a	5.80 ± 0.26	5.83 ± 0.25	5.86 ± 0.30	5.88 ± 0.27	0.098
Adipokines
FGF21 (pg/ml)^a	4.41 ± 1.00	4.34 ± 1.03	4.44 ± 1.16	4.41 ± 1.30	0.914
Adiponectin (μg/mL)^a	1.88 ± 0.65	1.94 ± 0.57	1.90 ± 0.68	1.89 ± 0.75	0.885
Betatrophin (pg/ml)^a	5.37 ± 0.15	5.66 ± 0.09*	5.82 ± 0.08*^,+	6.24 ± 0.43*^,+,$	<0.001
Vitamin D (ng/ml)^a	2.70 ± 0.36	2.70 ± 0.41	2.64 ± 0.35	2.53 ± 0.47*,⁺	0.003

Data were expressed as n (%), mean ± SD
One-way ANOVA where differences versus quintile 1 are indicated as * P < 0.05, differences versus quintile 2 are indicated as ⁺ P < 0.05, differences versus quintile 3 are indicated as ^$ P < 0.05. Quartile values of betatrophin are expressed as Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 (pg/ml). For female: Q1, 127.5–41.8; Q2, 241.8–87.0; Q3, 287.0–56.9; Q4, 356.9–438.5. For male: Q1, 142.2–76.8; Q2, 276.8–29.3; Q3, 329.3–89.5; Q4, 389.5–475.6
Values in italics are significant at P < 0.05
BMI body mass index; WC waist circumference; SBP Systolic blood pressure; DBP Diastolic blood pressure; TC total cholesterol; TG triglycerides; LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; ISIM insulin sensitivity Matsuda index; IGI insulinogenesis index; DIO oral disposition index; AST aspartate aminotransferase; ALT alanine aminotransferase; FGF21 fibroblast growth factor 21
^aSkewed distributions were natural logarithmically transformed. Vitamin D was adjusting for visiting season

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