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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of subjects categorized by HFpEF

From: Association of serum calcium and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in patients with type 2 diabetes

Characteristics

HFpEF

p value

No

Yes

Age (years)

68.3 ± 12.3

75.8 ± 8.6

<0.001

Female, n (%)

287 (40.9)

57 (53.8)

0.013

Hypertension, n (%)

362 (51.6)

55 (51.9)

0.962

Smoking, n (%)

163 (23.3)

26 (24.5)

0.773

Duration of diabetes (year)

9.9 ± 8.0

12.4 ± 9.7

0.013

SBP (mmHg)

136.8 ± 19.6

138.1 ± 19.3

0.512

DBP (mmHg)

79.5 ± 11.1

77.6 ± 10.2

0.103

BMI (kg/m2)

24.3 ± 3.9

24.3 ± 3.1

0.946

Obesity, n (%)

102 (14.6)

14 (13.2)

0.713

Laboratory

 FPG (mmol/L)

7.77 ± 3.04

7.95 ± 3.80

0.589

 Lg HOMA-IR

0.56 ± 0.33

0.67 ± 0.32

0.001

 HbA1c (%)

8.16 ± 1.96

7.86 ± 1.77

0.134

 Albumin (g/L)

38.91 ± 4.98

36.88 ± 4.85

<0.001

 Uric acid (μmol/L)

331.77 ± 98.71

371.18 ± 113.06

0.001

 Creatinine (μmol/L)

80.51 ± 23.69

94.04 ± 27.40

<0.001

 lg Alb/Cr (mg/g)

1.68 ± 0.70

1.89 ± 0.67

0.004

 Micro-albuminuria, n (%)

389 (55.5)

71 (67.0)

0.026

 NT-proBNP (pg/mL)

189.86 ± 70.09

645.00 ± 264.26

<0.001

 TG (mmol/L)

1.81 ± 1.11

2.03 ± 1.66

0.184

 TC (mmol/L)

4.81 ± 1.15

4.74 ± 1.20

0.518

 HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.11 ± 0.34

1.13 ± 0.53

0.728

 LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.73 ± 0.84

2.66 ± 0.86

0.476

 Dyslipidemia, n (%)

370 (52.8)

64 (60.4)

0.144

 Albumin-adjusted calcium (mg/dL)

8.96 ± 0.36

9.22 ± 0.44

<0.001

 Phosphate (mg/dL)

3.55 ± 0.45

3.57 ± 0.48

0.698

 Calcium–phosphate product (mg2/dL2)

31.79 ± 4.44

32.44 ± 4.79

0.167

Echocardiographic characteristics

 

 LAD (mm)

37.65 ± 4.65

41.67 ± 5.77

<0.001

 AOD (mm)

32.49 ± 3.33

32.46 ± 3.04

0.927

 LVIDD (mm)

47.21 ± 4.23

48.10 ± 4.90

0.048

 LVIDS (mm)

29.95 ± 3.49

31.35 ± 4.04

0.001

 IVSD (mm)

10.60 ± 1.52

11.57 ± 1.90

<0.001

 PWTD (mm)

9.76 ± 1.27

10.46 ± 1.59

<0.001

 RWT

0.42 ± 0.07

0.44 ± 0.09

0.01

 LVMI (g/m2)

99.30 ± 21.10

118.35 ± 30.79

<0.001

 LVEF (%)

65.95 ± 5.35

66.86 ± 7.23

0.217

 E/A

1.10 ± 0.21

0.91 ± 0.20

<0.001

 DT (ms)

208.51 ± 54.79

265.70 ± 50.65

<0.001

LV geometry

 Normal, n (%)

309 (44.1)

22 (20.8)

<0.001

 Concentric remodeling, n (%)

163 (23.3)

14 (13.2)

 Eccentric hypertrophy, n (%)

110 (15.7)

22 (20.8)

 Concentric hypertrophy, n (%)

119 (17.0)

48 (45.3)

  LVH, n (%)

229 (32.7)

70 (66.0)

<0.001

  1. Italic values represent p < 0.05