|
Variable
|
Non-EPA group (n = 53)
|
EPA group (n = 54)
|
P value
|
|---|
|
Baseline
|
6-month
|
Baseline
|
6-month
|
|---|
|
Fasting PG (mg/dL)
|
111.2 ± 10.4
|
109.9 ± 10.8
|
105.8 ± 11.1†
|
104.5 ± 9.1
|
0.001
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
−1.0 (−6.0, 4.0)
|
−1.0 (−5.0, 4.0)
|
0.69
|
|
Hemoglobin A1c (NGSP; %)
|
6.1 ± 0.4
|
6.1 ± 0.4
|
6.0 ± 0.3
|
5.9 ± 0.4
|
0.02
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
0.0 (−0.1, 0.13)
|
0.0 (−0.1, 0.10)
|
0.49
|
|
1,5-anhydro-glucitol (μg/mL)
|
16.5 ± 6.1
|
16.1 ± 6.4
|
18.5 ± 7.8
|
19.3 ± 8.0*
|
0.02
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
−0.6 (−1.8, 1.2)
|
0.9 (−0.8, 1.9)
|
0.03
|
|
Fasting IRI (µU/mL)
|
6.4 ± 3.3
|
6.1 ± 2.9
|
6.6 ± 3.4
|
6.5 ± 3.0
|
0.49
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
−0.1 (−1.4, 0.7)
|
−0.2 (−2.0, 1.8)
|
0.63
|
|
HOMA-R
|
1.6 (1.0, 2.4)
|
1.6 (1.1, 2.0)
|
1.6 (1.0, 2.3)
|
1.6 (1.0, 2.2)
|
0.86
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
0.0 (−0.4, 0.2)
|
0.0 (−0.5, 0.5)
|
0.67
|
|
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
|
171.7 ± 31.9
|
169.1 ± 27.7
|
171.8 ± 30.8
|
167.4 ± 29.4
|
0.76
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
−1.0 (−12.5, 8.5)
|
−3.5 (−13.0, 7.0)
|
0.45
|
|
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
|
96.7 ± 25.1
|
95.5 ± 23.3
|
97.9 ± 27.6
|
92.5 ± 26.8**
|
0.53
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
1.0 (−10.2, 8.0)
|
−4.0 (−13.0, 3.0)
|
0.09
|
|
HDL-C (mg/dL)
|
48.2 ± 9.8
|
48.2 ± 11.6
|
46.7 ± 9.3
|
50.1 ± 13.2**
|
0.51
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
0.0 (−4.3, 3.0)
|
2.0 (−3.0, 8.0)
|
0.05
|
|
TG (mg/dL)
|
123.3 ± 59.2
|
120.8 ± 62.2
|
137.8 ± 67.6
|
103.0 ± 38.1***
|
0.10
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
−3.0 (−35.0, 19.0)
|
−24.0 (−54.0, −3.0)
|
0.005
|
|
TG/HDL-C ratio
|
2.46 (1.43, 3.54)
|
2.18 (1.38, 3.54)
|
2.58 (1.65, 4.63)
|
2.02 (1.35, 2.65)***
|
0.39
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
−0.04 (−0.72, 0.33)
|
−0.73 (−1.44, −0.12)
|
0.0004
|
|
Remnant-like particle-cholesterol (mg/dL)
|
9.1 ± 6.1
|
8.4 ± 6.1
|
10.4 ± 6.4
|
7.3 ± 3.9***
|
0.26
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
−1.0 (−3.1, 1.1)
|
−1.7 (−4.8, −0.3)
|
0.07
|
|
EPA (μg/mL)
|
84.0 ± 50.7
|
81.1 ± 45.0
|
69.3 ± 40.7
|
196.4 ± 51.4***
|
<0.0001
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
−1.0 (−23.5, 24.0)
|
128.0 (98.0, 164.0)
|
<0.0001
|
|
AA (μg/mL)
|
205.6 ± 55.3
|
201.2 ± 48.1
|
206.3 ± 52.6
|
177.0 ± 39.7***
|
0.006
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
−2.0 (−34.8, 22.5)
|
−30.0 (−52.0, −3.0)
|
0.001
|
|
Docosahexaenoic acid (μg/mL)
|
162.5 ± 64.6
|
152.2 ± 57.7
|
158.9 ± 70.0
|
134.2 ± 48.1**
|
0.08
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
−18.0 (−44.3, 15.8)
|
−21.5 (−55.0, 12.0)
|
0.27
|
|
EPA/AA ratio
|
0.35 (0.25, 0.52)
|
0.36 (0.27, 0.46)
|
0.31 (0.21, 0.49)
|
1.08 (0.88, 1.45)***
|
<0.0001
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
−0.01 (−0.11, 0.10)
|
0.78 (0.52, 1.05)
|
<0.0001
|
|
Docosahexaenoic acid/AA
|
0.75 (0.59, 1.02)
|
0.74 (0.63, 0.96)
|
0.78 (0.53, 0.97)
|
0.77 (0.56, 0.95)
|
0.92
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
−0.01 (−0.19, 0.11)
|
−0.01 (−0.15, 0.11)
|
0.71
|
|
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)
|
0.09 (0.04, 0.14)
|
0.06 (0.04, 0.12)
|
0.10 (0.04, 0.22)
|
0.06 (0.03, 0.11)***
|
0.55
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
−0.01 (−0.05, 0.02)
|
−0.01 (−0.08, 0.00)
|
0.05
|
|
%FMD (%)
|
4.1 ± 1.8
|
4.0 ± 1.6
|
3.6 ± 1.7
|
5.2 ± 1.9***
|
0.0005
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
0.1 (−0.6, 0.8)
|
1.6 (0.7, 2.5)
|
<0.0001
|
|
Rest brachial artery diameter (mm)
|
4.27 ± 0.55
|
4.23 ± 0.58
|
4.23 ± 0.60
|
4.23 ± 0.58
|
0.72
|
|
Absolute change in brachial artery diameter (mm)
|
0.17 ± 0.07
|
0.17 ± 0.06
|
0.15 ± 0.07
|
0.22 ± 0.07***
|
0.0005
|
|
Absolute Δ
|
0.01 (−0.03, 0.03)
|
0.06 (0.02, 0.08)
|
<0.0001
|
- P values represent comparison of each values between groups at 6 months except for absolute Δ
- As for absolute Δ of each values, P values represent comparison between the two groups
- Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or medians and interquartile ranges, as indicated
-
PG plasma glucose, IRI immune reactive insulin, HOMA-R homeostasis model assessment ratio, LDL low-density lipoprotein, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglyceride, EPA eicosapentaenoic acid, AA arachidonic acid, FMD flow-mediated dilatation
-
† P < 0.05 vs baseline values of non-EPA group
- * P < 0.05 vs baseline, ** P < 0.01 vs baseline, *** P < 0.0001 vs baseline
