Table 3 Comparison of biochemical data and flow-mediated dilatation data between baseline and 6 months, and comparison of absolute change from baseline between the two groups
Variable | Non-EPA group (n = 53) | EPA group (n = 54) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 6-month | Baseline | 6-month | ||
Fasting PG (mg/dL) | 111.2 ± 10.4 | 109.9 ± 10.8 | 105.8 ± 11.1†| 104.5 ± 9.1 | 0.001 |
 Absolute Δ | −1.0 (−6.0, 4.0) | −1.0 (−5.0, 4.0) | 0.69 | ||
Hemoglobin A1c (NGSP; %) | 6.1 ± 0.4 | 6.1 ± 0.4 | 6.0 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 0.02 |
 Absolute Δ | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.13) | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.10) | 0.49 | ||
1,5-anhydro-glucitol (μg/mL) | 16.5 ± 6.1 | 16.1 ± 6.4 | 18.5 ± 7.8 | 19.3 ± 8.0* | 0.02 |
 Absolute Δ | −0.6 (−1.8, 1.2) | 0.9 (−0.8, 1.9) | 0.03 | ||
Fasting IRI (µU/mL) | 6.4 ± 3.3 | 6.1 ± 2.9 | 6.6 ± 3.4 | 6.5 ± 3.0 | 0.49 |
 Absolute Δ | −0.1 (−1.4, 0.7) | −0.2 (−2.0, 1.8) | 0.63 | ||
HOMA-R | 1.6 (1.0, 2.4) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.0) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.3) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.2) | 0.86 |
 Absolute Δ | 0.0 (−0.4, 0.2) | 0.0 (−0.5, 0.5) | 0.67 | ||
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 171.7 ± 31.9 | 169.1 ± 27.7 | 171.8 ± 30.8 | 167.4 ± 29.4 | 0.76 |
 Absolute Δ | −1.0 (−12.5, 8.5) | −3.5 (−13.0, 7.0) | 0.45 | ||
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 96.7 ± 25.1 | 95.5 ± 23.3 | 97.9 ± 27.6 | 92.5 ± 26.8** | 0.53 |
 Absolute Δ | 1.0 (−10.2, 8.0) | −4.0 (−13.0, 3.0) | 0.09 | ||
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 48.2 ± 9.8 | 48.2 ± 11.6 | 46.7 ± 9.3 | 50.1 ± 13.2** | 0.51 |
 Absolute Δ | 0.0 (−4.3, 3.0) | 2.0 (−3.0, 8.0) | 0.05 | ||
TG (mg/dL) | 123.3 ± 59.2 | 120.8 ± 62.2 | 137.8 ± 67.6 | 103.0 ± 38.1*** | 0.10 |
 Absolute Δ | −3.0 (−35.0, 19.0) | −24.0 (−54.0, −3.0) | 0.005 | ||
TG/HDL-C ratio | 2.46 (1.43, 3.54) | 2.18 (1.38, 3.54) | 2.58 (1.65, 4.63) | 2.02 (1.35, 2.65)*** | 0.39 |
 Absolute Δ | −0.04 (−0.72, 0.33) | −0.73 (−1.44, −0.12) | 0.0004 | ||
Remnant-like particle-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 9.1 ± 6.1 | 8.4 ± 6.1 | 10.4 ± 6.4 | 7.3 ± 3.9*** | 0.26 |
 Absolute Δ | −1.0 (−3.1, 1.1) | −1.7 (−4.8, −0.3) | 0.07 | ||
EPA (μg/mL) | 84.0 ± 50.7 | 81.1 ± 45.0 | 69.3 ± 40.7 | 196.4 ± 51.4*** | <0.0001 |
 Absolute Δ | −1.0 (−23.5, 24.0) | 128.0 (98.0, 164.0) | <0.0001 | ||
AA (μg/mL) | 205.6 ± 55.3 | 201.2 ± 48.1 | 206.3 ± 52.6 | 177.0 ± 39.7*** | 0.006 |
 Absolute Δ | −2.0 (−34.8, 22.5) | −30.0 (−52.0, −3.0) | 0.001 | ||
Docosahexaenoic acid (μg/mL) | 162.5 ± 64.6 | 152.2 ± 57.7 | 158.9 ± 70.0 | 134.2 ± 48.1** | 0.08 |
 Absolute Δ | −18.0 (−44.3, 15.8) | −21.5 (−55.0, 12.0) | 0.27 | ||
EPA/AA ratio | 0.35 (0.25, 0.52) | 0.36 (0.27, 0.46) | 0.31 (0.21, 0.49) | 1.08 (0.88, 1.45)*** | <0.0001 |
 Absolute Δ | −0.01 (−0.11, 0.10) | 0.78 (0.52, 1.05) | <0.0001 | ||
Docosahexaenoic acid/AA | 0.75 (0.59, 1.02) | 0.74 (0.63, 0.96) | 0.78 (0.53, 0.97) | 0.77 (0.56, 0.95) | 0.92 |
 Absolute Δ | −0.01 (−0.19, 0.11) | −0.01 (−0.15, 0.11) | 0.71 | ||
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.09 (0.04, 0.14) | 0.06 (0.04, 0.12) | 0.10 (0.04, 0.22) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.11)*** | 0.55 |
 Absolute Δ | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.00) | 0.05 | ||
%FMD (%) | 4.1 ± 1.8 | 4.0 ± 1.6 | 3.6 ± 1.7 | 5.2 ± 1.9*** | 0.0005 |
 Absolute Δ | 0.1 (−0.6, 0.8) | 1.6 (0.7, 2.5) | <0.0001 | ||
Rest brachial artery diameter (mm) | 4.27 ± 0.55 | 4.23 ± 0.58 | 4.23 ± 0.60 | 4.23 ± 0.58 | 0.72 |
 Absolute change in brachial artery diameter (mm) | 0.17 ± 0.07 | 0.17 ± 0.06 | 0.15 ± 0.07 | 0.22 ± 0.07*** | 0.0005 |
 Absolute Δ | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.03) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.08) | <0.0001 | ||