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Table 2 Baseline characteristics of study population by categories of DAL

From: Association between dietary acid load and the risk of cardiovascular disease: nationwide surveys (KNHANES 2008–2011)

 

Tertiles of dietary DAL (mEq/day)

P value*

T1 (n = 3900)

T2 (n = 3839)

T3 (n = 3826)

DAL (mEq/d)a

16.9 (−165.5 ~ 33.9)

36.1‡ (25.9 ~ 48.5)

51.9‡ (39.3 ~ 221.1)

<0.001

PRAL (mEq/d)

−27.5 ± 20.5

−2.2 ± 5.3‡

15.4 ± 13.4‡

<0.001

Magnesium (mg/d)

381.4 ± 187.5

284.0 ± 146.0‡

310.4 ± 177.0‡

<0.001

Age (year)

56.8 ± 10.5

57.4 ± 11.1‡

55.9 ± 10.9‡

<0.001

Male (%)

40.8

40.5

43.0

0.062

Waist circumference (cm)

81.7 ± 8.8

82.1 ± 9.1

84.4 ± 9.4‡

<0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

23.7 ± 2.9

23.7 ± 3.1

24.5 ± 3.2‡

<0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

120.5 ± 17.3

122.2 ± 18.3‡

121.9 ± 17.2‡

<0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

76.1 ± 10.1

76.6 ± 10.5

77.6 ± 10.5‡

<0.001

Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)

101.3 ± 27.7

100.4 ± 24.5

100.9 ± 24.5

0.268

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)b

193.0 ± 36.2

194.2 ± 36.8

194.5 ± 36.2

0.146

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)b

51.5 ± 12.4

51.3 ± 12.6

50.7 ± 12.3‡

0.031

Triglycerides (mg/dL)b

137.4 ± 110.9

142.8 ± 106.1‡

148.7 ± 118.9‡

<0.001

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)b

118.7 ± 32.5

119.4 ± 32.8

119.0 ± 32.0

0.613

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.8 ± 0.2

0.8 ± 0.2

0.9 ± 0.3

0.085

GFR, EPI (mL/min/1.73 m2)

88.3 ± 14.9

87.7 ± 15.1

88.8 ± 15.5

0.011

Insulin (μU/mL)b

9.5 ± 4.8

9.8 ± 5.8

10.3 ± 6.7‡

<0.001

HOMA-IRb

2.4 ± 1.8

2.5 ± 1.8

2.6 ± 2.6‡

<0.001

Urine pH

5.8 ± 0.9

5.7 ± 0.9

5.7 ± 0.8‡

0.001

Heavy drink (%)

12.1

13.9

17.8‡

<0.001

Current smoking (%)

15.7

17.4

20.3‡

<0.001

Exercise (%)

27.9

24.4‡

25.3

<0.001

Hypertension (%)

34.4

37.6‡

38.7‡

<0.001

IFG/diabetes (%)

22.8/13.3

24.0/13.2

25.9/13.0

0.918

Metabolic syndrome (%)

35.1

38.1‡

43.1‡

<0.001

Chronic kidney disease (%)

3.8

4.5

4.2

0.376

Region (Metro/City/rural,  %)

42.5/30.2/27.3

43.2/30.6/26.3

41.6/30.9/27.5

0.613

Family history of cardio- or cerebro-vascular disease (%)

6.5

6.6

6.6

0.984

  1. ‡P < 0.05 by post hoc analyses when compared with lowest tertiles
  2. *Chi square tests for qualitative variables and ANOVA tests for quantitative variables
  3. PRAL potential renal acid load; DAL dietary acid load; BMI body mass index; HDL cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate; HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IFG impaired fasting glucose
  4. aValues are medians per tertile
  5. bLog-transformed
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840