Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population by categories of PRAL

PRAL (mEq/d)^a

−21.8 (−199.8 ~ −7.5)

−2.9^‡ (−11.3 ~ 8.2)

11.2^‡ (−10.4 ~ 181.4)

DAL (mEq/d)

11.1 ± 20.8

35.9 ± 6.5^‡

53.4 ± 14.6^‡

Magnesium (mg/d)

388.0 ± 186.4

278.1 ± 139.4^‡

307.8 ± 177.2^‡

Age (year)

56.2 ± 10.3

57.1 ± 11.0^‡

56.8 ± 11.2^‡

Male (%)

41.4

41.3

41.8

Waist circumference (cm)

82.7 ± 9.0

82.5 ± 9.2

82.9 ± 9.3

BMI (kg/m²)

24.1 ± 3.0

23.9 ± 3.1^‡

24.0 ± 3.1

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

120.4 ± 17.2

122.1 ± 18.0^‡

122.2 ± 17.6^‡

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

76.3 ± 10.1

76.8 ± 10.6

77.2 ± 10.5^‡

Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)

101.4 ± 27.5

100.5 ± 23.3

100.6 ± 24.9

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)^b

193.2 ± 36.1

194.1 ± 36.7

194.3 ± 36.5

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)^b

51.1 ± 12.3

51.1 ± 12.6

51.2 ± 12.5

Triglycerides (mg/dL)^b

138.8 ± 102.7

145.5 ± 119.8^‡

144.7 ± 113.5^‡

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)^b

119.0 ± 32.4

119.2 ± 32.6

119.0 ± 32.3

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.8 ± 0.2

0.8 ± 0.2

0.8 ± 0.3

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

88.3 ± 14.9

87.9 ± 15.0

88.5 ± 15.5

Insulin (ųU/mL)^b

9.8 ± 5.2

9.8 ± 5.9

10.0 ± 6.5

HOMA-IR^b

2.5 ± 1.9

2.5 ± 1.8

2.5 ± 2.5

Urine pH

5.8 ± 0.9

5.7 ± 0.9

5.7 ± 0.8^‡

Heavy drink (%)

12.3

14.1

17.0^‡

Current smoking (%)

15.4

17.8^‡

20.0^‡

Exercise (%)

28.3

24.6^‡

24.6^‡

Hypertension (%)

34.4

37.9^‡

38.5^‡

IFG/Diabetes (%)

23.3/13.4

24.2/13.4

25.0/12.7

Metabolic syndrome (%)

37.1

38.8

40.2^‡

Chronic kidney disease (%)

3.8

4.3

4.5

Region (Metro/City/Rural,  %)

43.3/30.2/26.5

42.3/31.5/26.3

41.7/30.2/28.1

Family history of cardio- or cerebro-vascular disease (%)

6.6

6.3

6.7