Table 1 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of type 2 diabetes relatives (R) and control subjects (C)

Sex (m/f)

12/11

13/11

n.s.

Age (years)

46.8 (12.0)

47.2 (11.7)

n.s.

BMI (kg/m²)

25.1 (3.8)

25.0 (3.1)

n.s.

Weight (kg)

78.4 (16.4)

77.5 (15.1)

n.s

Waist (cm)

88.6 (12.0)

88.2 (11.5)

n.s.

Waist/hip ratio

0.86 (0.09)

0.85 (0.09)

n.s.

Heart rate at rest (beats/min)

65.7 (8.1)

66.3 (7.5)

n.s.

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

118 (18)

113 (11)

n.s.

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

77 (12)

79 (13)

n.s.

Smokers/non-smokers

1/22

3/24

n.s.

Fat mass (%)

28.2 (7.2)

28.8 (7.3)

n.s.

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT, cm²)^a,b

94.1 (56.4)

101.5 (56.2)

n.s.

Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT, cm²)^a,b

204.4 (75.0)

220.0 (83.1)

n.s.

Visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio^a,b

0.48 (0.28)

0.49 (0.28)

n.s.

Liver fat content (Mean HU)

66.0 (6.4)

64.2 (5.9)

n.s.

HbA1c (IFCC; mmol/mol)^c

34.1 (4.0)

33.7 (8.0)

n.s.

Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)

5.5 (0.6)

5.5 (0.5)

n.s.

Fasting serum insulin (mU/L)

7.5 (6.9)

6.9 (3.6)

n.s.

HOMA IR

1.8 (11.7)

1.7 (50.9)

n.s.

HOMA β %

81.0 (69.5)

80.1 (41.2)

n.s.

OGTT 2 h blood glucose (mmol/L)

7.3 (1.3)

6.5 (1.3)

0.049

Serum cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.1 (0.9)

5.2 (0.9)

n.s.

Serum HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.36 (0.38)

1.50 (0.43)

n.s.

Serum LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.2 (0.9)

3.2 (0.8)

n.s.

Serum triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.21 (0.73)

1.07 (0.39)

n.s.

M value (mg/kg lean body mass/min)

12.4 (5.0)

13.2 (4.5)

n.s.

Mean serum insulin during clamp (mU/L)

92.9 (31.4)

94.6 (22.0)

n.s.

Insulin sensitivity index (ISI) [(100 × mg/kg/(mU/L)]

15.0 (7.2)

15.0 (7.0)

n.s

Plasma NEFA (µmol/L)

 Basal

0.28 (0.10)

0.33 (0.11)

0.09

 During clamp

0.03 (0.05)

0.02 (0.01)

n.s.