Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes by gender

Age (years)

63 ± 12

64 ± 13

Body mass index (kg/m²)

25.1 ± 4.1

24.2 ± 4.4

HbA1c (%)

7.2 ± 1.4

7.1 ± 1.5

Duration of diabetes (years)

7 (2–16)

7 (3–10)

Current smoker (%)

21

3

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (%)

8

10

Insulin (%)

30

36

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

129 ± 14

124 ± 15

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

77 ± 13

71 ± 15

Uninary ACR (mg/g)

33 (20–148)

26 (13–54)

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

75 ± 12

69 ± 13

TG (mmol/l)

1.48 (1.30–1.71)

1.22 (1.02–1.47)

HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.45 ± 0.38

1.60 ± 0.47

LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

2.64 (2.19–3.17)

2.69 (2.17–3.72)

Uric acid (μmol/l)

333 ± 77

286 ± 65

AST (U/l)

25 (20–34)

22 (18–28)

ALT (U/l)

26 (16–45)

20 (15–33)

γ-GTP (U/l)

42 (31–53)

30 (20–40)

Body fat (%)

30.8 ± 6.8

38.7 ± 7.2

Skeletal muscle index

7.2 ± 1.1

5.8 ± 1.0

Android (kg)

2.1 (1.1–3.3)

1.9 (1.5–2.9)

Gynoid (kg)

2.7 (1.9–3.8)

3.3 (2.5–4.1)

A/G ratio

0.74 ± 0.18

0.59 ± 0.19

Visceral fat area (cm²)

153 (95–228)

126 (104–169)

Subcutaneous fat area (cm²)

141 (74–231)

194 (150–252)

V/S ratio

1.14 ± 0.50

0.65 ± 0.32

Liver attenuation index

1.08 ± 0.22

1.17 ± 0.29