Lower-extremity amputation as a marker for renal and cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with long standing type 1 diabetes

Table 1 Characteristics of participants by the history of lower extremity amputation at baseline

	History of LEA at baseline		p
	No	Yes	p
N (%)	968 (90.7)	99 (9.3)
Male sex (%)	51.9	70.7	0.0003
Age (years)	42.6 ± 11.6	51.6 ± 11.2	<0.0001
Age at diabetes onset (years)	15.5 ± 9.1	18.3 ± 9.0	0.007
Duration of diabetes (years)	27.0 ± 9.3	33.3 ± 9.0	<0.0001
Body mass index (kg/m²)	24.1 ± 3.5	23.9 ± 3.8	0.40
Systolic BP (mmHg)	134 ± 19	143 ± 20	<0.0001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	77 ± 11	80 ± 11	0.003
HbA1c (%) and (mmol/mol)	8.5 ± 1.5 (70 ± 16)	8.8 ± 2.1 (72 ± 23)	0.31
Plasma creatinine (µmol/l)	113 ± 112	166 ± 163	<0.0001
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)	81 ± 44	60 ± 37	<0.0001
UAC (mg/l)	22 (238)	95 (499)	0.01
Total cholesterol^a (mmol/l)	5.70 ± 1.45	5.67 ± 1.45	0.68
Triglycerides^a (mmol/l)	1.13 (0.91)	1.29 (0.5)	0.31
Tobacco smoking^b (%)	42.3	55.1	0.01
Antihypertensive drugs (%)	51.1	73.7	<0.0001
ACE-I or ARB drugs (%)	41.3	55.6	0.006
Lipid lowering drugs (%)	8.4	11.1	0.35
Diabetic nephropathy stages (%)	46/21/18/15	18/17/30/35	<0.0001
Diabetic retinopathy stages (%)	0/27/18/55	0/4/15/81	<0.0001
Peripheral sensory neuropathy (%)	46.4	89.7	<0.0001
Peripheral artery disease (%)	5.8	93.8	<0.0001

Results expressed as mean ± SD, except urinary albumin concentration (UAC) and triglycerides expressed as mean (interquartile range). Statistics of quantitative parameters are ANOVA performed with log-transformed data or Wilcoxon test (UAC and triglycerides). Antihypertensive drugs: all antihypertensive medication classes included. ACE-I angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker. Diabetic nephropathy stages: absence, incipient, established, and advanced nephropathy. Diabetic retinopathy stages: absent, non-proliferative, pre-proliferative, proliferative
^aData available only in the GENEDIAB cohort: n = 438 for total cholesterol and n = 129 for triglycerides
^bCurrent or past history of tobacco smoking
p < 0.05 was significant

ISSN: 1475-2840