Effect of metformin monotherapy on cardiovascular diseases and mortality: a retrospective cohort study on Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Table 5 Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression all-cause mortality, CVD event and severe chronic kidney disease

	MM group comparing with control group			Harrell’s C-statistic
	HR^a	95 % CI	P value	Harrell’s C-statistic
Full cohort (N = 11,293)
All-cause mortality	0.725	(0.584–0.901)	0.004*	0.806 (0.783–0.828)
CVD	0.726	(0.609–0.866)	<0.001*	0.731 (0.711–0.752)
CHD	0.670	(0.521–0.862)	0.002*	0.727 (0.698–0.756)
Stroke	0.750	(0.573–0.982)	0.036*	0.734 (0.704–0.765)
Heart failure	0.795	(0.551–1.147)	0.221	0.872 (0.844–0.899)
Chronic kidney disease (eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m²)	1.076	(0.838–1.381)	0.565	0.848 (0.827–0.870)
Propensity score-matched cohort (N = 6800)
All-cause mortality	0.705	(0.547–0.908)	0.007*	0.809 (0.783–0.836)
CVD	0.684	(0.556–0.842)	<0.001*	0.731 (0.705–0.756)
CHD	0.645	(0.480–0.866)	0.004*	0.720 (0.683–0.758)
Stroke	0.698	(0.511–0.954)	0.024*	0.754 (0.719–0.790)
Heart failure	0.688	(0.435–1.086)	0.109	0.865 (0.825–0.906)
Chronic kidney disease (eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m²)	1.163	(0.874–1.549)	0.300	0.854 (0.826–0.881)

MM metformin monotherapy, CVD cardiovascular disease, CHD coronary heart disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, DM diabetes mellitus, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
* p value <0.05
^aHR >1 indicates greater risk for death

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