Skin collagen advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and the long-term progression of sub-clinical cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes

Table 5 Multivariable regressions of AGE effect on IMT outcomes (N = 127)

IMT change from year 1 to year 6
Covariate effects from multiple models*	t value	P value	LSMean difference (95 % CI)^{^}
MG-H1
Unadjusted	2.6	0.012	0.01 (0.00, 0.02)
Adjusted for
DCCT mean A1c	2.5	0.014	0.01 (0.00, 0.02)
EDIC mean A1c	2.7	0.008	0.01 (0.00, 0.02)
Pentosidine
Unadjusted	2.4	0.016	0.01 (0.00, 0.03)
Adjusted for
DCCT mean A1c	2.4	0.020	0.02 (0.00, 0.03)
EDIC mean A1c	2.3	0.022	0.01 (0.00, 0.03)
Glucosepane
Unadjusted	2.0	0.048	0.01 (0.00, 0.02)
Adjusted for
DCCT mean A1c	0.7	0.48	0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)
EDIC mean A1c	−0.4	0.67	−0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)
Pepsin soluble
Unadjusted	−2.0	0.048	−0.03 (−0.06, -0.00)
Adjusted for
DCCT mean A1c	−1.9	0.06	−0.03 (−0.07, 0.00)
EDIC mean A1c	−1.7	0.08	−0.03 (−0.06, 0.00)
DCCT mean A1c:
Unadjusted	0.7	0.48	0.02 (−0.01, 0.01)
EDIC mean A1c:
Unadjusted	1.5	0.14	0.05 (−0.00, 0.02)

Italic values indicate statistically significant associations
* Models were based on a general linear regression which evaluated the effect of respective AGE or HbA1c on the change of IMT from EDIC year 1 to year 6. Both unadjusted and adjusted models were adjusted for IMT levels at EDIC year 1. Adjusted models further included both the respective AGE and HbA1c as risk factors.
^{^}LSMean difference was the difference of estimated Least Square mean of IMT change from EDIC year 1 to year 6 based on a one standard deviation increase in AGE (Pentosidine: 7.3, Pepsin soluble: 6.7, MG-H1: 0.44, GSPNE: 0.66: or a one unit increase in HbA1c.

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