Table 1 Baseline characteristics and laboratory investigations
|  | LOWER glucose group (<4.5 mmol/l) N = 38 | MEDIUM glucose group (4.5-6.0 mmol/l) N = 52 | HIGHER glucose group (>6.0 mmol/l) N = 75 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Female, n (%) | 15 (39.5) | 27 (51.9) | 30 (40.0) | 0.35 |
Age, yrs | 67 (59–72) | 68 (63–73) | 66 (59–73) | 0.63 |
Weight, kg | 86 (75–100) | 84 (75–92) | 86 (78–95) | 0.24 |
Height, cm | 169 (163–175) | 165 (158–170) | 168 (158–173) | 0.11 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 30.8 (26.1-33.7) | 31.4 (27.5-35.8) | 31.9 (28.4-36.1) | 0.17 |
Waist, cm | 107 (93–112) | 106 (98–112) | 107 (99–113) | 0.90 |
Hip, cm | 109 (99–116) | 109 (102–115) | 109 (104–116) | 0.85 |
Duration of DM, yrs | 8 (3–10) | 5 (3–7) | 5 (3–11) | 0.10 |
CAD, n (%) | 24 (63.2) | 33 (63.5) | 43 (57.3) | 0.74 |
Previous MI, n (%) | 9 (23.7) | 7 (13.5) | 10 (13.3) | 0.31 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 35 (92.1) | 49 (94.2) | 74 (98.7) | 0.21 |
Current smoking, n (%) | 4 (10.5) | 3 (5.8) | 7 (9.3) | 0.69 |
History of smoking, n (%) | 17 (44.7) | 25 (48.1) | 36 (48.0) | 0.94 |
Family history of CAD, n (%) | 15 (39.5) | 13 (25.0) | 16 (21.3) | 0.11 |
Retinopathy, n (%) | 4 (10.5) | 7 (13.5) | 13 (17.3) | 0.61 |
Nephropathy, n (%) | 10 (26.3) | 4 (7.7) | 14 (18.7) | 0.06 |
Neuropathy, n (%) | 13 (34.2) | 9 (17.3) | 13 (17.3) | 0.08 |
Pharmacotherapy | ||||
Sulphonylourea, n (%) | 17 (44.7) | 23 (44.2) | 30 (40.0) | 0.85 |
Biguanide, n (%) | 23 (60.5) | 35 (67.3) | 48 (64.0) | 0.80 |
Insulin therapy, n (%) | 15 (39.5) | 5 (9.6) | 24 (32.0) | 0.002 |
Beta-blocker, n (%) | 26 (68.4) | 39 (75.0) | 63 (84.0) | 0.15 |
ACEI, n (%) | 30 (78.9) | 35 (67.3) | 56 (74.7) | 0.44 |
Calcium antagonist, n (%) | 14 (36.8) | 21 (40.4) | 25 (33.3) | 0.72 |
Clopidogrel, n (%) | 1 (2.6) | 4 (7.7) | 4 (5.3) | 0.58 |
Aspirin, n (%) | 33 (86.8) | 39 (75.0) | 61 (81.3) | 0.37 |
Statin, n (%) | 35 (92.1) | 43 (82.7) | 57 (76.0) | 0.11 |
Laboratory results | ||||
FBG mmol/l | 4 (3.6-4.2) | 5.35 (4.9-5.7) | 7.3 (6.4-8.3) | <0.0001 |
HbA1c, % | 6.7 (6.1-7.3) | 6.2 (6.0-6.7) | 6.8 (6.3-7.6) | 0.0002 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol | 50 (43–56) | 44 (42–50) | 51 (45–60) | 0.0002 |
WBC, x109/L | 6.5 (5.2-7.9) | 7.1 (6.2-8.2) | 7.3 (6.2-7.9) | 0.23 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.5 (12.9-14.5) | 13.8 (13.2-14.4) | 13.7 (13.0-14.6) | 0.64 |
Hematocrit, % | 43.0 (39.0-46.0) | 41.7 (39.9-43.3) | 41.2 (39.1-43.2) | 0.07 |
Platelet count, x109/L | 227 (176–252) | 206 (172–252) | 216 (186–266) | 0.61 |
INR | 0.99 (0.96-1.08) | 0.98 (0.95-1.03) | 0.98 (0.94-1.02) | 0.18 |
Creatinine, μmol/L | 76 (66–91) | 81 (63–92) | 79 (66–98) | 0.56 |
Alat, IU/L | 21 (12–27) | 20 (13–29) | 22 (16–30) | 0.10 |
Aspat, IU/L | 24 (18–28) | 20 (16–25) | 20 (18–26) | 0.62 |
TC, mmol/L | 4.17 (3.42-4.98) | 4.20 (3.51-5.04) | 4.43 (3.68-5.32) | 0.10 |
LDL-C cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.20 (1.71-2.80) | 2.26 (1.92-3.04) | 2.57 (2.06-3.41) | 0.16 |
HDL-C cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.11 (0.88-1.35) | 1.40 (1.18-1.62) | 1.35 (1.08-1.59) | 0.08 |
TG, mmol/L | 1.16 (0.94-1.80) | 1.31 (0.92-1.56) | 1.48 (1.01-1.96) | 0.37 |
hsCRP, mg/dl | 2.57 (0.89-5.01) | 1.85 (1.02-3.21) | 2.29 (1.04-5.08) | 0.31 |