Isocaloric substitution of carbohydrates with protein: the association with weight change and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 3 Beta [95% CI] of 5-year weight and waist change for intakes of protein

Energy adjustment models	5-year weight change [g/5y]		5-year waist change [cm/5y]
Nutrient residual model	Model 1*	Model 2 ^†	Model 1*	Model 2 ^†
Total protein (10 g)	209 [96;316]	187 [75;299]	−0.03 [−0.20;0.14]	−0.04 [−0.22;0.13]
Animal protein (10 g)	203 [145;261]	196 [137;254]	−0.02 [−0.20;0.15]	−0.02 [−0.20;0.15]
Plant protein (10 g)	342 [−32;717]	82 [−421;584]	−0.02 [−0.64;0.60]	−0.77 [−1.51;0.04]
Multivariate nutrient density model
Total protein (5 en%)	498 [199;796]	459 [157;761]	−0.15 [−0.64;0.33]	−0.18 [−0.67;0.31]
Animal protein (5 en%)	476 [170;783]	464 [156;771]	−0.15 [−0.41;0.34]	−0.15 [−0.64;0.35]
Plant protein (5 en%)	1080 [42;2117]	650 [−660;1961]	0.11 [−1.64;1.87]	−1.44 [−2.61;0.28]

N = 4,082 for 5-year weight change (2255 males and 1827 females); N = 1,898 for 5-year waist change. Two models were used for energy adjustment.
*Model 1: Beta, adjusted for protein intake (per 10 g / 5 energy%), alcohol intake (per 10 gram / 5 energy%), age at recruitment, BMI, duration of diabetes, insulin use (no/yes), education level (four categories), physical activity index (four categories), smoking status (three categories), sex, follow-up time and country. First total protein was added to the model. In the analysis of protein subtypes, mutual adjustments were made for animal and plant protein.
^†Model 2: is model 1 with additional adjustments for healthy diet by including vitamin C and fiber in the model.
P < 0.05.

ISSN: 1475-2840