Table 1 Clinical, hemodynamic, and echocardiographic characteristics of patients

Clinical Data

 Age, years

57 ± 15

57 ± 15

57 ± 15

0.75

 Female, n (%)

79(55)

55(60)

24(45)

0.09

 Height, m

1.6 ± 1.0

1.6 ± 0.9

1.6 ± 1.0

0.20

 Weight, kg

64 ± 15

60 ± 12

72 ± 18

<0.001

 Body Mass Index, kg/m²

24.7 ± 4.9

23 ± 3.9

27 ± 6.0

<0.001

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

124 ± 19

122 ± 17

130 ± 21

0.007

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

73 ± 11

71 ± 11

76 ± 10

0.002

 Pulse pressure, mmHg

53 ± 15

51 ± 14

55 ± 17

0.03

 Heart rate, bpm

69 ± 11

67 ± 11

71 ± 10

0.04

 Rate Pressure Product, bpm*mmHg

9173 ± 1992

8741 ± 1812

9905 ± 2052

<0.001

 Obesity, n (%)

58(40)

25(27)

33(62)

<0.001

 Type 2 DM, n (%)

104(72)

55(60)

49(92)

<0.001

 DM duration, years

11.8 ± 9.6

10.4 ± 8.4

13.6 ± 10.1

0.04

 Hypertension, n (%)

69(48)

39(43)

30(57)

0.12

 Dyslipidemia, n (%)

89(62)

53(58)

36(68)

0.29

 Hypertriglyceridemia, n (%)

44(31)

17(19)

27(51)

<0.001

 Smoking, n (%)

31(22)

29(32)

25(47)

0.53

Complications

 Nephropathy, n (%)

54(38)

13(14)

34(64)

<0.001

 Neuropathy, n (%)

47(33)

19(21)

29(55)

<0.001

 Retinopathy, n (%)

48(33)

29(32)

25(47)

0.07

Biochemistry and Urinary Examination

 HbA1c, %

8.2(7.0-9.6)

8.0(6.8-9.0)

8.7(7.3-10.0)

0.21

 1,5-anhydroglucitol, g/dl

4.3(2.4-8.1)

5.1(2.7-8.6)

3.3(2.0-7.1)

0.07

 Glycoalbumin, %

21.8(17.4-27.2)

21.8(18.0-28.4)

22.0(16.8-26.8)

0.52

 HOMA index

1.9(1.1-4.1)

1.5(1.0-3.0)

2.5(1.3-4.8)

0.049

 Low-density lipoprotein, mg/dl

103 ± 35

100 ± 35

107 ± 34

0.22

 High-density lipoprotein, mg/dl

53 ± 17

54 ± 16

50 ± 17

0.23

 Triglyceride, mg/dl

112(78–159)

96(66–132)

154(113–203)

<0.001

 eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m²

77(61–89)

77(64–89)

74(58–90)

0.26

 Albuminuria, mg/day

11.5(4.5-33.0)

7.0(3.0-18.0)

39.0(11.0-181.3)

<0.001

Medications

 Calcium channel blocker, n (%)

38(26)

21(23)

17(32)

0.25

 ACEI/ARB, n (%)

58(40)

30(33)

28(53)

0.02

 β-blocker, n (%)

13(9)

6(7)

7(13)

0.23

 Diuretics, n (%)

10(7)

4(4)

6(11)

0.17

 Statin, n (%)

68(47)

36(40)

32(60)

0.02

 Insulin, n (%)

90(63)

58(64)

32(60)

0.72

 DPP-4I, n (%)

55(38)

30(33)

25(47)

0.11

 GLP-1RA, n (%)

13(9)

7(7)

6(11)

0.55

 Sulfonylurea, n (%)

26(18)

15(16)

11(21)

051

 α-GI, n (%)

26(18)

15(16)

11(21)

0.51

 Thiazolidine, n (%)

13(9)

6(6)

7(13)

0.23

 Metformin, n (%)

59(41)

31(34)

28(53)

0.04

Echocardiography

 Relative wall thickness

0.45(0.39-0.51)

0.41(0.36-0.47)

0.49(0.47-0.60)

<0.001

 Left atrial volume index, ml/m²

28(22–34)

27(22–33)

31(23–37)

0.07

 LV mass index, g/m²

75(63–86)

68(57–80)

83(74–94)

<0.001

 LV mass index, g/m^2.7

34(27–41)

30(25–37)

41(33–46)

<0.001

 End-systolic volume, ml

26 ± 10

24 ± 9

29 ± 12

0.004

 End-diastolic volume, ml

75 ± 22

71 ± 21

80 ± 23

0.004

 LV ejection fraction, %

66 ± 4

67 ± 4

65 ± 5

0.002

 Stroke volume, ml

62(56–72)

62(56–73)

63(56–69)

0.68

 E/A

0.83(0.68-1.1)

0.86(0.7-1.2)

0.77(0.66-0.95)

0.03

 E-wave deceleration time

189(163–227)

190(158–225)

187(167–235)

0.54

 E’

6.3(5.0-7.5)

6.5(5.6-8.1)

5.6(4.4-6.7)

<0.001

 E/E’

9.6(8.0-11.6)

9.1(7.7-11.3)

10.3(9.1-13.5)

0.002

 Global longitudinal strain, %

18.8 ± 2.7

20.4 ± 1.6

16.1 ± 1.7

<0.001