Table 1 Progress on the effects of conventional metabolic therapies in experimental DCM

Metformin

↑Glucose utilization ↑Cardiac function

↓Apoptosis ↑Cardiac function

↓Hypertrophy ~ Fibrosis ↑Cardiac function

~Hypertrophy ↑Fibrosis ↓Steatosis

↓/~Hypertrophy ↓Fibrosis ↓Apoptosis ~ Oxidative stress ↑Cardiac function

Sulfonylureas

↑Cardiac function

DPP-4 inhibitors

↑Hypertrophy ↑Cardiac function

~Hypertrophy ↓Fibrosis ↓Oxidative stress ~Cardiac function

↓Hypertrophy ↓Fibrosis ↓Apoptosis ↑Cardiac function

GLP-1R agonists

↑Glucose utilization ↓Hypertrophy ↓Apoptosis ↓Inflammation ↑Cardiac function

Statins

↓Fibrosis ↓Oxidative stress ↓Inflammation ↑Cardiac function

↓Hypertrophy ↓Fibrosis ↓Inflammation ↑Cardiac function

PPARα agonists

↑Glucose utilization ↓Steatosis ~ Cardiac function

~Hypertrophy ↓Fibrosis ↓Steatosis

↑Glucose utilization ↓ER stress ↓Inflammation ↑Cardiac function

PPARγ agonists

↓Hypertrophy ↓Apoptosis ↓Steatosis ↓Oxidative stress ↑Cardiac function

↑Hypertrophy

↑Glucose utilization ~ Cardiac function

↑Glucose utilization

Reference

[15,16,23,25-27]

[17]

[28,29]

[18]

[30-32]

[19,33]

[20,21]

[34-38]