Table 1 Characteristics of the studied subjects

Age (years)

63 ± 13

66 ± 13

60 ± 13*

Body mass index (kg/m²)

23.2 ± 3.7

24.4 ± 3.9

22.3 ± 3.4*

Waist circumference (cm)

84 ± 11

88 ± 11

81 ± 10*

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

134 ± 21

138 ± 18

130 ± 22*

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

77 ± 11

79 ± 10

75 ± 12†

Biochemical data

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

202 ± 33

188 ± 29

212 ± 32*

HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

68 ± 18

59 ± 17

75 ± 16*

LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

119 ± 29

108 ± 28

127 ± 28*

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

83 (64–112)

93 (70–132)

77 (57–100)*

Glucose (mg/dl)

92 (87–99)

97 (91–103)

90 (85–96)*

HbA1c (%)

5.5 ± 0.5

5.6 ± 0.5

5.4 ± 0.4*

Insulin (μU/ml)

4.5 (3.4-6.9)

4.9 (3.6-7.6)

4.2 (3.2-6.1)*

HOMA-R

1.02 (0.74-1.63)

1.21(0.85-1.92)

0.94 (0.68-1.37)*

Creatinine (mg/dl)

0.74 ± 0.17

0.87 ± 0.16

0.65 ± 0.11*

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

72 ± 14

71 ± 15

74 ± 14

BNP (pg/ml)

28 (11–31)

14 (9–33)

21 (12–31)

hsCRP (mg/dl)

0.03 (0.02-0.07)

0.04 (0.02-0.08)

0.03 (0.02-0.06)

FABP4 (ng/ml)

12.2 (8.4-16.2)

10.9 (8.1-14.2)

13.3 (9.1-17.0)†

Echocardiographic parameters

Left atrial dimension (mm)

34 ± 6

36 ± 6

33 ± 6*

Left atrial volume index (ml/m²)

27 ± 8

26 ± 8

27 ± 8

Mean LV wall thickness (mm)

8.8 ± 1.2

9.6 ± 0.9

8.2 ± 0.9*

LV end-diastolic dimension (mm)

44 ± 5

45 ± 5

43 ± 4*

LV mass index (g/m²)

93 ± 23

102 ± 22

86 ± 21*

LV ejection fraction (%)

67 ± 5

66 ± 6

67 ± 5†

E/A

0.91 (0.75-1.19)

0.79 (0.68-0.94)

0.98 (0.79-1.31)*

E-wave deceleration time (msec)

214 ± 53

223 ± 59

207 ± 47†

e’ (cm/sec)

10.2 ± 3.1

9.7 ± 3.2

10.6 ± 3.0

E/e’

7.0 ± 2.3

6.7 ± 2.3

7.3 ± 2.3