Abbreviations Table 3 In order of appearance.

Ang II

Angiotensin II.

RAAS

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system.

ROS

Reactive Oxygen Species (O ₂ ^•, -OH^•, H ₂ O ₂ , 1O ₂ ).

AT-1

Angiotensin type one receptor.

PKC

Protein Kinase C.

IAPP

Islet Amyloid Polypeptide.

TGFbeta-1

Transforming Growth Factor beta-1.

NAD(P)H oxidase

Nicotine Adenine Di nucleotide Phosphate reduced oxidase.

AGE

Advanced Glycation Endproducts.

AFE

Advanced Fructosylation Endproducts.

RAGE

Receptor for Advanced Glycosylation Endproducts.

ALE

Advanced Lipoxidation Endproducts.

eNOS

Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase.

NO

Nitric Oxide.

BH4

Tetra Hydro Biopterin.

FFA

Free Fatty Acids.

LC acyl -CoA's

Long chain Acyl Co enzyme CoA.

VLDL

Very low density lipoprotein.

LDL

Low density lipoprotein.

HDL

High density lipoprotein.

MS

Metabolic Syndrome.

PD

Prediabetes.

T2DM

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

PAI-1

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1.

H ₂ O

Water.

Glut-4

Glucose Transporter-4.

PI3 Kinase

Phosotidyl inositol 3 Kinase.

Akt

Protein kinase B.

MAP Kinase

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase.

MAP Kinase Shunt

MAP Kinase Shunt: The shunting away from the positive Glut 4 PI3 Kinase Akt pathway to the deleterious MAP Kinase pathway promoting remodeling due to an alteration in the NO redox sensitive PI3 Kinase /Akt pathway.

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IL-6 IL-8

Interleukin-6 Interleukin-8.

TNF alpha

Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha.

MPO

Myeloperoxidase: Generation of Superoxide (O ₂ ^•) via hypochlorous acid HClO^-

NF kappa B

Nuclear Factor kappa B.

ICAM

Inter Cellular Adhesion Molecule.

VCAM,

Vascular Cellular Adhesion Molecule.

MCP-1

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1

NADH

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide reduced

NAD+

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide oxidized

DAG

Diacylglycerol.

GPx

Glutathione Peroxidase.

DDAH

Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase.

ADMA

Asymmetrical dimethyl arginine.

O ₂ ^• - ONOO ^•

Superoxide – Peroxynitrite.