Differential impact of subclinical carotid artery disease on cerebral structure and functioning in type 1 diabetes patients with versus those without proliferative retinopathy

Table 1 Baseline characteristics

	T1DM with proliferative retinopathy	T1DM without proliferative retinopathy	Controls	Overall P-value
N	51	51	50	-
Age (years)	44.5 ± 7.1*#	38.1 ± 9.3	36.7 ± 11.4	<0.001
Sex male/female	21/30	20/33	20/31	0.978
Estimated IQ^a	110.2 ± 13.4	106.8 ± 11.3	108.5 ± 12.0	0.388
Depressive symptoms^b	8.0 (0 – 42)*#	5.0 (0 – 31)	4.5 (0 – 37)	0.008
BMI (kg/m²)	25.6 ± 4.1	24.8 ± 3.6	24.1 ± 3.5	0.126
Height (meters)	1.73 ± 0.1	1.75 ± 0.1	1.76 ± 0.1	0.300
Current smoker (%)	6 (11.8)	10 (19.6)	11 (22.0)	0.347
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	64.7 ± 14.1*	61.7 ± 9.8*	34.3 ± 2.6	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	8.1 ± 1.3*	7.8 ± 0.9*	5.3 ± 0.2	<0.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	4.5 ± 0.7	4.7 ± 0.7	4.5 ± 0.9	0.276
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	1.8 ± 0.5*	1.8 ± 0.5*	1.5 ± 0.4	0.001
LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	2.4 ± 0.6	2.5 ± 0.6	2.5 ± 0.8	0.686
Systolic BP (mmHg)	133.6 ± 17.3*	129.0 ± 14.9	123.9 ± 11.4	0.005
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	76.0 ± 8.7	78.1 ± 9.7	77.1 ± 7.2	0.488
Hypertension (%)^c	33 (64.7)	12 (23.5)	-	<0.001
ACR (mg/mmol)	0.9 (0 – 33.2)	0.4 (0 – 3.19)	-	0.005
Diabetes duration (years)	34.3 ± 7.8	21.8 ± 9.4	-	<0.001
Diabetes onset age (years)	10.2 ± 7.2	16.3 ± 9.7	-	0.001
Early onset diabetes (%)^d	18 (35.3)	10 (19.6)		0.120
BG before echo (mmol/l)	9.2 ± 4.0	8.9 ± 3.2	-	0.766
Severe hypoglycemia^e	2.0 (0 – 40)	2.0 (0 – 50)	-	0.770
Neuropathy (%)^f	25 (49)	-	-	-
Microalbuminuria (%)^g	14 (27.5)	-	-	-

Data are represented as mean with standard deviation, median with min/max or absolute numbers with percentage between parenthesis. BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; ACR: albumin:creatinine ratio; BG: blood glucose.
*Statistically different from controls.
#Statistically different from patients without proliferative retinopathy.
^aEstimated IQ was measured using the Dutch version of the National Adult Reading Test (NART).
^bDepressive symptoms were self-reported using the Center for Epidemiological Studies scale for Depression (CES-D).
^cHypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg, a diastolic blood pressure of >90, or the use of antihypertensive drugs.
^dEarly diabetes onset was defined as a onset before 7 years of age.
^eSevere hypoglycaemic events were self-reported during lifetime according to DCCT guidelines.
^fPeripheral neuropathy status was collected from the medical records, based on data from the annual check-up patients receive, or, if not available, was self-reported.
^gMicroalbuminuria was defined as an albumin-to-creatinine ratio >2.5 mg/mmol for men and >3.5 mg/mmol for women.

ISSN: 1475-2840