Earlier age at menarche is associated with higher diabetes risk and cardiometabolic disease risk factors in Brazilian adults: Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

Table 3 Adjusted means and standard errors for indices of glycemic risk, cardiometabolic risk, and body habitus according to age at menarche in women aged 35-74 years in ELSA-Brasil not taking diabetes medications

	<11 years	11–12 years	13–14 years	15–16 years	17–18 years	F-test p
*n (range)	536-579	2764-2864	2818-2930	804-831	178-185
Glycemic risk
% A1C	5.38 ± 0.03†	5.33 ± 0.01	5.30 ± 0.01	5.31 ± 0.02	5.31 ± 0.05	0.048
2-h post load glucose	130.2 ± 1.7	127.9 ± 0.7	127.0 ± 0.7	128.8 ± 1.4	128.7 ± 2.9	0.43
Fasting glucose	104.1 ± 0.6	104.4 ± 0.3	103.8 ± 0.3	103.6 ± 0.5	104.9 ± 1.1	0.54
Fasting insulin	8.3 ± 0.7	8.1 ± 0.3†	7.0 ± 0.3	7.1 ± 0.5	7.2 ± 1.2	0.057
Cardiometabolic risk
ALT	26.9 ± 0.7†	23.3 ± 0.3	23.1 ± 0.3	22.2 ± 0.6	24.0 ± 1.2	<.001
Triglycerides	123.6 ± 2.8†	117.7 ± 1.3	115.6 ± 1.2	112.9 ± 2.3	114.7 ± 4.9	<.001
HDL-cholesterol	61.9 ± 0.6	61.5 ± 0.3†	62.5 ± 0.3	61.8 ± 0.5	61.6 ± 1.1	0.16
C-reactive protein	3.6 ± 0.2†	3.0 ± 0.1	3.0 ± 0.1	3.0 ± 0.2	3.9 ± 0.3†	0.005
Body habitus
BMI	27.8 ± 0.2†	27.1 ± 0.1†	26.4 ± 0.1	26.5 ± 0.2	26.7 ± 0.3	<.001
WC	88.9 ± 0.5†	87.3 ± 0.2†	86.2 ± 0.2	86.8 ± 0.4	87.2 ± 0.8	<.001

Abbreviations: A1C glycated hemoglobin; ALT alanine aminotransferase; HDL high-density lipoprotein; BMI body mass index; WC waist circumference.
Adjusted for study center, age at enrollment, race/color, maternal education, maternal diabetes, paternal diabetes, birth weight, and BMI at age 20 years.
*n varied for each continuous metabolic parameter included in the model, so the range of n is included in parentheses; only those without previously diagnosed diabetes underwent 2-hour post load glucose testing (n = 7,100).
†p < 0.05 when compared to menarcheal age category 13-14 years (referent).

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