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Table 5 Independent correlates of coronary events

From: Hemoglobin A1c variability as an independent correlate of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis of the Renal Insufficiency and Cardiovascular Events (RIACE) Italian Multicenter Study

Variables

Any coronary event

AMI

 

OR

95% CI

P

OR

95% CI

P

Age, x year

1.015

1.007-1.023

0.003

1.025

1.015-1.034

<0.0001

Diabetes duration, x year

1.019

1.012-1.026

<0.0001

1.013

1.004-1.021

0.002

Gender, male

2.066

1.792-2.382

<0.0001

2.493

2.103-2.956

<0.0001

BMI, x unit

—

—

—

—

—

—

Smoking

  

<0.0001

  

<0.0001

  No

1.0

  

1.0

  

  Former

1.496

1.301-1.719

<0.0001

1.560

1.327-1.834

<0.0001

  Current

1.125

0.930-1.361

0.226

1.116

0.890-1.400

0.343

Triglycerides, x 0.0113 mmol/l

3.177

2.436-4.144

<0.0001

4.297

2.994-6.116

<0.0001

HDL cholesterol, x 0.259 mmol/l

0.981

0.975-0.986

<0.0001

0.982

0.976-0.988

<0.0001

Dyslipidemia

2.076

1.710-2.521

<0.0001

2.431

1.911-3.092

<0.0001

Hypertension

0.999

0.998-1.000

0.012

—

—

—

Diabetes treatment, n (%)

  

<0.0001

  

<0.0001

  Diet

1.0

  

1.0

  

  OHA

1.205

0.953-1.524

0.119

1.302

0.988-1.716

0.061

  Insulin + OHA

1.342

0.985-1.828

0.062

1.870

1.326-2.636

<0.0001

  Insulin

2.013

1.528-2.652

<0.0001

2.444

1.786-3.345

<0.0001

Albuminuria

  

<0.0001

—

—

—

  Normoalbuminuria

1.0

     

  Microalbuminuria

1.405

1.187-1.665

<0.0001

   

  Macroalbuminuria

1.146

0.839-1.565

0.390

   

eGFR (MDRD)

  

<0.0001

  

<0.0001

  ≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2

1.0

  

1.0

  

  60–89 ml/min/1.73 m2

1.133

0.963-1.333

0.131

1.196

0.984-1.455

0.072

  30–59 ml/min/1.73 m2

1.949

1.592-2.388

<0.0001

2.018

1.591-2.560

<0.0001

  <30 ml/min/1.73 m2

1.731

1.087-2.757

0.021

1.714

1.005-2.924

0.048

Retinopathy

  

0.016

  

0.049

  No retinopathy

1.0

  

1.0

  

  Non advanced retinopathy

1.229

1.037-1.457

0.017

1.221

1.001-1.489

0.048

  Advanced retinopathy

1.255

1.018-1.547

0.033

1.260

0.991-1.603

0.060

MODEL 1

      

  HbA 1c -MEAN, 1% increment

1.069

1.010-1.133

0.022

–

–

–

MODEL 2

      

  HbA 1c -MEAN, 1% increment

1.069

1.010-1.133

0.022

–

–

–

  HbA 1c -SD, 1% increment

–

–

–

–

–

–

MODEL 3

      

HbA 1c -MEAN

  

0.004

  

0.003

  quartile 1

1.0

  

1.0

  

  quartile 2

0.961

0.793-1.163

0.680

0.956

0.763-1.197

0.692

  quartile 3

1.297

1.073-1.567

0.007

1.68

1.097-1.706

0.005

  quartile 4

1.159

0.950-1.414

0.146

1.075

0.849-1.360

0.549

HbA 1c -SD quartiles

–

–

–

–

–

–

  1. Logistic regression analysis with backward variables selection of independent correlates of any coronary event and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) versus no CVD. ORs of variables except HbA1c-MEAN, Hb-A1c-SD and their quartiles were determined by multivariate logistic analysis from MODEL 1. The results did not change significantly in MODEL 2 and MODEL 3.
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840