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Table 2 Complications and treatments in study subjects

From: Hemoglobin A1c variability as an independent correlate of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis of the Renal Insufficiency and Cardiovascular Events (RIACE) Italian Multicenter Study

Variables

CVD no

CVD yes

P

n (%)

6,157 (74.3)

2,133 (25.7)

 

Albuminuria, mg/24 hours

60.6±275.6

125.6±554.8

<0.0001

12.6 (6.2-28.1)

17.4 (8.1-54.0)

Serum creatinine, μmol/l

82.2±31.8

94.6±39.8

<0.0001

77.8 (65.4-90.2)

85.7 (72.5-106.1)

eGFR MDRD , ml/min/1.73 m 2

80.1±22.1

71.7±23.2

<0.0001

79.0 (66.3-92.9)

72.2 (55.9-86.8)

eGFR CKD-EPI , ml/min/1.73 m 2

81.8±19.4

71.7±21.5

<0.0001

84.4 (69.1-94.6)

74.8 (56.4-88.7)

Albuminuria

  

<0.0001

  Normoalbuminuria

4,687 (76.1)

1,366 (64.0)

 

  Microalbuminuria

1,227 (19.9)

602 (28.2)

 

  Macroalbuminuria

243 (3.9)

408 (7.7)

 

eGFR (MDRD)

  

<0.0001

  ≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2

1,824 (29.6)

424 (19.9)

 

  60–89 ml/min/1.73 m2

3,349 (54.4)

1,051 (49.3)

 

  30–59 ml/min/1.73 m2

915 (14.9)

586 (27.5)

 

  <30 ml/min/1.73 m2

69 (1.1)

72(3.4)

 

CKD phenotype

  

<0.0001

  no CKD

4,081 (66.3)

1,038 (48.7)

 

  stages 1–2 CKD

1,092 (17.7)

437 (20.5)

 

  stage ≥3 CKD nonalbuminuric

606 (9.8)

328 (15.4)

 

  stage ≥3 CKD albuminuric

378 (6.1)

330 (15.5)

 

Retinopathy, n (%)

  

<0.0001

  No retinopathy

4,841 (78.6)

1,428 (66.9)

 

  Non-advanced retinopathy

841 (13.7)

429 (20.1)

 

  Advanced retinopathy

475 (7.7)

276 (12.9)

 

Any coronary event, n (%)

—

1,373 (64.4)

—

Acute myocardial infarction, n (%)

—

949 (44.5)

—

Any cerebrovascular event, n (%)

—

902 (42.3)

—

Stroke, n (%)

—

257 (12.0)

—

Any lower limb vascular event, n (%)

—

584 (27.4)

—

Ulceration/gangrene, n (%)

—

319 (15.0)

—

Diabetes treatment, n (%)

  

<0.0001

  Diet

729 (11.8)

151 (7.1)

 

  OHA

4,051 (65.8)

4,353 (59.9)

 

  Insulin + OHA

570 (9.3)

205 (9.6)

 

  Insulin

807 (13.1)

500 (23.4)

 

Lipid-lowering treatment, n (%)

2,681 (43.5)

1,435 (67.3)

<0.0001

Anti-hypertensive treatment, n (%)

4,232 (68.7)

1,850 (86.7)

<0.0001

ACE-I/ARB treatment, n (%)

3,522 (57.2)

1,469 (68.9)

<0.0001

  1. Prevalence of micro and macrovascular complications and type and rate of treatments in individuals with or without prior CVD event(s). Values are mean±SD and median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables; P values for comparison between groups using the Student’s t test for parametric or the corresponding Mann–Whitney U test for nonparametric (albuminuria, serum creatinine and eGFR) continuous variables, and the χ2 test for categorical variables.
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840