Lipoprotein lipase links vitamin D, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional epidemiological study

Table 3 Means or medians by serum 25 (OH)D status and regression coefficients of serum 25(OH)D on metabolic variables

Dependent variables	Serum 25 (OH)D status^a			Regression model 1^b		Regression model 2^c
	Deficiency (<20 ng/ml)	Insufficiency (20-29 ng/ml)	Sufficiency (>30 ng/ml)	β	P	β	P
Subjects (n)	422	1602	684
FG, mmol/L	5.3 (3.6-11.5)*	5.0 (3.1-9.3)	4.9 (2.7-8.8)	−0.086	0.011	−0.055	0.034
PG, mmol/L	8.5 (3.7-13.9)*	7.8 (3.5-12.4)	7.7 (3.2-12.1)	−0.091	0.002	−0.058	0.027
HbAlc, %	4.4 (3.3-11.5)**	4.2 (3.2-11.8)**	4.0 (3.3-11.6)	−0.120	<0.001	−0.082	0.012
Insulin, mU/L	5.9 (1.5-16.9)	6.1 (1.4-17.8)	6.0 (1.6-18.1)	−0.045	0.051	−0.042	0.058
HOMA-IR	1.5 (0.3-6.5)**	1.4 (0.3-6.1)*	1.3 (0.3-5.8)	−0.127	<0.001	−0.048	0.047
TC, mmol/L	5.0 ± 1.2	4.8 ± 1.3	4.8 ± 1.2	−0.014	0.532	−0.015	0.525
TG, mmol/L	1.8 (0.8-6.3)*	1.6 (0.5-6.1)	1.5 (0.6-5.8)	−0.093	0.001	−0.043	0.056
HDL-C, mmol/L	1.4 (0.7-2.2)*	1.5 (0.8-2.4)	1.5 (0.8-2.3)	0.117	<0.001	0.084	0.011
LDL-C, mmol/L	3.0 (0.8-5.3)	2.9 (0.7-5.2)	2.9 (0.5-5.5)	−0.021	0.431	−0.018	0.513
apoA, mmol/L	1.9 ± 0.4*	2.0 ± 0.4	2.0 ± 0.3	0.089	0.005	0.052	0.028
apoB, mmol/L	0.8 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.3	0.8 ± 0.2	0.024	0.353	0.022	0.358
FFAs, μmol/L	778.6 ± 284.8**	734.5 ± 306.4*	672.8 ± 297.5	−0.145	<0.001	−0.077	0.021
LPL, U/L	615.3 ± 192.4**	658.8 ± 196.6*	691.2 ± 194.1	0.168	<0.001	NA	NA

^a Means ± SD or medians ( range). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, compared with vitamin D sufficiency group by ANCOVA, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, physical activity level, smoking and alcohol consumption.
^b Multivariable linear regression analyses model 1, with 25(OH)D concentration as the independent variable, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, physical activity level, smoking and alcohol consumption.
^c Multivariable linear regression analyses model 2, with 25(OH)D concentration as the independent variable adjusted for covariates in model 1 + LPL.
Abbreviations: FFAs, free fatty acids; FG, fasting serum glucose; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; PAL, Physical activity level; PG: 2 h post-load glucose; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; β, regression coefficients.

ISSN: 1475-2840