|
GGT levels†
|
Low
|
High
|
P-value
|
|---|
|
ALDH2 genotype
|
*1/*1
|
*2 allele
|
*1/*1
|
*2 allele
|
|---|
|
(n = 58)
|
(n = 85)
|
(n = 59)
|
(n = 32)
|
|---|
|
Female (%)
|
37.9
|
28.8
|
31.8
|
37.5
|
0.69
|
|
Age (years)
|
57.6 ± 11.0
|
60.3 ± 9.7
|
57.5 ± 12.4
|
56.9 ± 11.0
|
0.40
|
|
Age of diagnosis (years)
|
47.5 ± 10.9
|
51.9 ± 11.1
|
49.4 ± 12.2
|
51.1 ± 9.2
|
0.18
|
|
Diabetes duration (years)
|
10.0 ± 8.7
|
8.3 ± 5.4
|
7.9 ± 7.0
|
6.1 ± 5.2
|
0.07
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
23.2 ± 3.6
|
23.2 ± 2.9
|
24.8 ± 4.2
|
25.8 ± 4.0
|
< 0.01
|
|
Casual plasma glucose (mmol/L)
|
10.9 ± 4.6
|
11.4 ± 5.0
|
11.7 ±5.9
|
11.6 ± 3.4
|
0.85
|
|
HbA1c (%)
|
8.4 ± 2.1
|
8.5 ± 2.2
|
8.7 ± 2.1
|
9.2 ± 1.8
|
0.36
|
|
Systolic BP (mmHg)
|
133.5 ± 19.5
|
131.5 ± 20.8
|
141.7 ± 17.5
|
143.7 ± 20.7
|
< 0.01
|
|
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
|
80.9 ± 10.9
|
79.5 ± 12.3
|
86.2 ± 12.0
|
87.4 ± 11.8
|
< 0.01
|
|
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
|
1.3 ± 0.9
|
1.6 ± 1.5
|
2.6 ± 2.4
|
1.9 ± 0.8
|
< 0.01
|
|
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
|
1.6 ± 0.5
|
1.4 ± 0.4
|
1.4 ± 0.3
|
1.4 ± 0.3
|
0.08
|
|
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
|
3.1 ± 0.7
|
3.2 ± 0.7
|
3.1 ± 0.8
|
3.4 ± 0.8
|
0.21
|
|
AST (IU/L)
|
21.0 ± 5.1
|
21.6 ± 5.3
|
39.5 ± 24.4
|
37.7 ± 20.7
|
< 0.01
|
|
ALT (IU/L)
|
20.9 ± 9.2
|
20.7 ± 7.2
|
49.7 ± 37.8
|
50.3 ± 36.4
|
< 0.01
|
|
GGT (IU/L)
|
20.8 ± 7.9
|
21.4 ± 7.8
|
77.7 ± 78.7
|
60.6 ± 37.8
|
< 0.01
|
|
Hypertension (%)
|
44.8
|
42.4
|
64.7
|
68.8
|
< 0.01
|
|
Dyslipidemia (%)
|
56.9
|
64.4
|
75.3
|
71.9
|
0.12
|
|
Ever smoker (%)
|
48.2
|
43.1
|
54.2
|
50.0
|
0.64
|
|
Drinker (%)
|
56.9
|
30.5
|
72.9
|
28.1
|
< 0.01
|
|
Therapy components
| | | | | |
|
Hypoglycemic agents
| | | | | |
|
Oral hypoglycemic agents (%)
|
72.4
|
67.8
|
64.3
|
75.0
|
0.65
|
|
Insulin (%)
|
22.4
|
10.2
|
7.1
|
3.1
|
0.02
|
|
Antihypertensive agents
| | | | | |
|
ACE inhibitors or ARBs (%)
|
10.3
|
6.8
|
13.1
|
34.4
|
< 0.01
|
|
Others (%)
|
19.0
|
11.9
|
21.4
|
28.1
|
0.25
|
|
Agents for hyperlipidemia
| | | | | |
|
Fibrates (%)
|
1.7
|
1.7
|
2.4
|
0.0
|
1.00
|
|
Statins (%)
|
3.4
|
11.9
|
9.5
|
9.4
|
0.37
|
|
Others (%)
|
0.0
|
1.7
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.64
|
- Data are percentages or mean ± standard deviation.
- †GGT was dichotomized by the near-median 37 IU/L for the males and 26 IU/L for the females.
- ALDH2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.
