Table 2 Clinical characteristics of the subjects stratified by the combination of the ALDH2 genotype and the serum GGT level at baseline
GGT levels† | Low | High | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALDH2 genotype | *1/*1 | *2 allele | *1/*1 | *2 allele | |
(n = 58) | (n = 85) | (n = 59) | (n = 32) | ||
Female (%) | 37.9 | 28.8 | 31.8 | 37.5 | 0.69 |
Age (years) | 57.6 ± 11.0 | 60.3 ± 9.7 | 57.5 ± 12.4 | 56.9 ± 11.0 | 0.40 |
Age of diagnosis (years) | 47.5 ± 10.9 | 51.9 ± 11.1 | 49.4 ± 12.2 | 51.1 ± 9.2 | 0.18 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 10.0 ± 8.7 | 8.3 ± 5.4 | 7.9 ± 7.0 | 6.1 ± 5.2 | 0.07 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.6 | 23.2 ± 2.9 | 24.8 ± 4.2 | 25.8 ± 4.0 | < 0.01 |
Casual plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 10.9 ± 4.6 | 11.4 ± 5.0 | 11.7 ±5.9 | 11.6 ± 3.4 | 0.85 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.4 ± 2.1 | 8.5 ± 2.2 | 8.7 ± 2.1 | 9.2 ± 1.8 | 0.36 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133.5 ± 19.5 | 131.5 ± 20.8 | 141.7 ± 17.5 | 143.7 ± 20.7 | < 0.01 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 80.9 ± 10.9 | 79.5 ± 12.3 | 86.2 ± 12.0 | 87.4 ± 11.8 | < 0.01 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 2.6 ± 2.4 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | < 0.01 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.08 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 0.21 |
AST (IU/L) | 21.0 ± 5.1 | 21.6 ± 5.3 | 39.5 ± 24.4 | 37.7 ± 20.7 | < 0.01 |
ALT (IU/L) | 20.9 ± 9.2 | 20.7 ± 7.2 | 49.7 ± 37.8 | 50.3 ± 36.4 | < 0.01 |
GGT (IU/L) | 20.8 ± 7.9 | 21.4 ± 7.8 | 77.7 ± 78.7 | 60.6 ± 37.8 | < 0.01 |
Hypertension (%) | 44.8 | 42.4 | 64.7 | 68.8 | < 0.01 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 56.9 | 64.4 | 75.3 | 71.9 | 0.12 |
Ever smoker (%) | 48.2 | 43.1 | 54.2 | 50.0 | 0.64 |
Drinker (%) | 56.9 | 30.5 | 72.9 | 28.1 | < 0.01 |
Therapy components | |||||
Hypoglycemic agents | |||||
Oral hypoglycemic agents (%) | 72.4 | 67.8 | 64.3 | 75.0 | 0.65 |
Insulin (%) | 22.4 | 10.2 | 7.1 | 3.1 | 0.02 |
Antihypertensive agents | |||||
ACE inhibitors or ARBs (%) | 10.3 | 6.8 | 13.1 | 34.4 | < 0.01 |
Others (%) | 19.0 | 11.9 | 21.4 | 28.1 | 0.25 |
Agents for hyperlipidemia | |||||
Fibrates (%) | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 1.00 |
Statins (%) | 3.4 | 11.9 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 0.37 |
Others (%) | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.64 |