Table 1 Group comparisons of metabolic parameters at different time points
Control | Rosiglitazone | Diet | Insulin | Insulin + Orals | Metformin | Oral agents combination | Sulphonylurea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 151 | 49 | 15 | 55 | 12 | 121 | 37 | 59 |
Gender (M/F) | 72/79 | 48/1 | 4/11 | 30/25 | 6/6 | 65/56 | 16/21 | 26/33 |
Obesity (%) | 41.3 | 51.1 | 66.7 | 73.8 | 66.7 | 57.3 | 79.4 | 48.9 |
Hypertension (%) | 21.9 | 38.8 | 26.7 | 29.1 | 29.1 | 32.2 | 25.0 | 27.1 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 0.7 | 16.3 | 6.7 | 14.5 | 8.3 | 12.4 | 2.7 | 10.2 |
25-Hydroxyvitamin D (nmol/l) | ||||||||
Baseline | 19.4 ± 1.0 | 33.3 ± 1.0 | 24.4 ± 1.1 | 32.2 ± 1.0 | 34.1 ± 1.1 | 34.8 ± 1.0 | 34.6 ± 1.1 | 38.3 ± 1.0 |
6 months | 27.4 ± 1.0* | 47.8 ± 1.1* | 34.3 ± 1.2 | 55.7 ± 1.1* | 55.8 ± 1.1* | 62.4 ± 1.1* | 46.0 ± 1.1 | 51.2 ± 1.1* |
12 months | 25.8 ± 1.1* | 49.9 ± 1.2* | 26.7 ± 1.3 | 46.1 ± 1.1* | 48.1 ± 1.2* | 55.3 ± 1.1* | 46.8 ± 1.1 | 46.8 ± 1.1* |
% Change at 6 months C | 34.3 (12.0, 56.6)a | 36 (10.2, 61.8)b | 34.1 (−9.3, 72.3) | 54.3 (25.0, 83.7)b | 49.1 (−3.2, 68.3) | 62.6 (39.1, 86.1) a | 28.5 (−7.3, 64.4) | 28.8 (2.2, 55.4)b |
% Change at 12 months C | 28.6 (6.0, 51.4) a | 40 (3.2, 77.3)a | 9.2 (−12.8,65.3) | 35.6 (3.2, 68.0)a | 34.3 (−2.1, 69.7) | 50.6 (23.4, 77.9) a | 30.2 (−14.0,74.4) | 19.8 (−13.2, 52.9)a |
P-value (groups) < 0.001; P-value (time) < 0.001; P-Value (interaction) = 0.04 | ||||||||
Systolic BP (mmHg) | ||||||||
Baseline | 115.6 ± 1.1 | 129.0 ± 1.0 | 124.2 ± 1.0 | 126.5 ± 1.0 | 129.1 ± 1.0 | 126.1 ± 1.0 | 134.1 ± 1.1 | 126.5 ± 1.0 |
6 months | 113.3 ± 1.1 | 130.0 ± 1.0 | 124.3 ± 1.0 | 123.5 ± 1.0 | 132.5 ± 1.0 | 124.8 ± 1.0 | 131.1 ± 1.0 | 129.7 ± 1.0 |
12 months | 115.4 ± 1.1 | 130.9 ± 1.0 | 130.0 ± 1.1 | 128.1 ± 1.0 | 130.5 ± 1.0 | 127.4 ± 1.1 | 127.7 ± 1.0 | 127.9 ± 1.0 |
% Change at 6 months C | −2.4 (−8.8, 3.8) | 1.4 (−5.8, 8.7) | 0.0 | −2.4 (−10.4, 5.5) | 2.1 (−12.2, 16.6) | −1.0 (−6.3,4.3) | −2.2 (−11.6, 7.1) | 2.5 (−4.9, 9.9) |
% Change at 12 months C | 0.2 (−7.0, 6.7) | 0.9 (−8.1, 10.0) | 4.7 (−24.8, 34.2) | 1.1 (−8.8, 11.1) | 0.6 (−16.0, 17.3) | 1.0 (−5.2, 7.4) | −4.8 (−16.5, 6.7) | 1.1 (−7.8, 10.0) |
P-value (groups) < 0.001; P-value (time) = 0.51; P-Value (interaction) = 0.71 | ||||||||
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | ||||||||
Baseline | 74.5 ± 1.0 | 71.5 ± 1.0 | 77.4 ± 1.2 | 78.2 ± 1.0 | 75.6 ± 1.0 | 80.5 ± 1.2 | 77.5 ± 1.0 | 79.8 ± 1.1 |
6 months | 72.9 ± 1.0 | 81.2 ± 1.0* | 73.0 ± 1.1 | 76.7 ± 1.0 | 79.8 ± 1.1 | 78.1 ± 1.1 | 82.3 ± 1.1 | 77.8 ± 1.0 |
12 months | 73.5 ± 1.0 | 84.3 ± 1.1* | 73.0 ± 1.1 | 78.2 ± 1.0 | 80.4 ± 1.2 | 79.5 ± 1.1 | 79.5 ± 1.1 | 81.3 ± 1.1 |
% Change at 6 months C | −1.9 (−11.0, 7.2) | 11.9 (1.3, 22.5) | −6.8 (−32.1, 18.4) | −1.7 (−13.3, 9.8) | 5.4 (−15.5, 26.4) | −3.1 (−10.8, 4.7) | 5.7 (−7.8, 19.2) | −2.5 (−13.4, 8.2) |
% Change at 12 months C | −1.2 (−11.5, 8.9) | 15.5 (2.2, 28.2) | −6.8 (−49.0, 36.1) | 0.0 | 6.2 (−17.9, 30.4) | −1.3 (−10.5, 7.8) | 2.2 (−14.6,19.1) | 1.8 (−11.2, 14.8) |
P-value (groups) < 0.001; P-value (time) = 0.54; P-Value (interaction) = 0.002 | ||||||||
BMI (kg/m 2 ) | ||||||||
Baseline | 28.5 ± 1.1 | 30.1 ± 1.1 | 30.1 ± 1.2 | 33.4 ± 1.2 | 31.5 ± 1.0 | 32.4 ± 1.1 | 32.9 ± 1.0 | 32.3 ± 1.0 |
6 months | 28.5 ± 1.1 | 30.1 ± 1.2 | 31.1 ± 1.2 | 35.0 ± 1.2 | 31.4 ± 1.0 | 28.2 ± 1.0 | 30.5 ± 1.0 | 32.2 ± 1.1 |
12 months | 28.5 ± 1.1 | 30.1 ± 1.2 | - | 35.1 ± 1.3 | 31.6 ± 1.0 | 30.0 ± 1.1 | 32.2 ± 1.1 | 30.6 ± 1.2 |
% Change at 6 months C | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
% Change at 12 months C | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
P-value (groups) < 0.001; P-value (time) = 0.18; P-Value (interaction) = 0.36 | ||||||||
Total Cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||||
Baseline | 4.7 ± 1.0 | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 5.4 ± 1.0 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 5.2 ± 1.0 |
6 months | 4.4 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 1.0 | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 4.9 ± 1.1 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 5.1 ± 1.0 |
12 months | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 5.8 ± 1.2 | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 1.2 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 5.1 ± 1.0 |
% Change at 6 months C | −7.0 (−24.8,10.7) | −7.8 (−20.5, 4.7) | 2.3 (−28.0, 32.7) | −2.0 (−16.1, 12.1) | −5.6 (−31.1, 19.9) | −0.7 (−10.1, 8.7) | −2.2 (−18.9,14.4) | −1.2 (−13.9, 11.3) |
% Change at 12 months C | −2.9 (−7.5, 13.5) | −14.8 (−32.6, 2.9) | 10.1 (−29.9, 50.3) | −9.7 (−24.0, 5.4) | −19.5 (−52.5, 13.4) | −6.5 (−17.5, 4.4) | −9.3 (−29.6, 11.0) | −1.6 (−17.8, 14.5) |
P-value (groups) < 0.001; P-value (time) = 0.01; P-Value (interaction) = 0.17 | ||||||||
Triglycerides (mmol/l) | ||||||||
Baseline | 1.2 ± 0.02 | 2.4 ± 0.04 | 1.6 ± 0.07 | 1.8 ± 0.04 | 2.5 ± 0.08 | 1.9 ± 0.03 | 2.0 ± 0.05 | 2.0 ± 0.04 |
6 months | 1.2 ± 0.04 | 1.6 ± 0.04* | 1.4 ± 0.13 | 1.8 ± 0.05 | 1.9 ± 0.09* | 2.1 ± 0.04 | 1.7 ± 0.06 | 2.0 ± 0.04 |
12 months | 1.2 ± 0.04 | 1.5 ± 0.07* | 1.7 ± 0.18 | 1.5 ± 0.06 | 1.9 ± 0.14 | 2.0 ± 0.04 | 1.6 ± 0.09 | 2.0 ± 0.05 |
% Change at 6 months C | 0 | - 42.5 a (−18.1,-66.8) | −13.1 (−71.2, 45.2) | 0 | −29.4 a (−78.7, 19.8) | 8.4 (−9.6, 26.6) | −15.0 (47.1, 17.0) | 0 |
% Change at 12 months C | 0 | −39.2 a (−5.0, -73.2) | 4.0 (−72.3, 82.0) | −9.2 (−65.0, 83.6) | −28.3 a (−91.0, 35.0) | 2.7 (−18.3, 23.8) | −23.4 (−62.4, 15.7) | 0 |
P-value (groups) < 0.001; P-value (time) = 0.02; P-Value (interaction) < 0.001 | ||||||||
HDL-Cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||||
Baseline | 0.66 ± 0.03 | 0.95 ± 0.06 | 1.0 ± 0.09 | 1.0 ± 0.05 | 0.91 ± 0.10 | 0.93 ± 0.03 | 1.0 ± 0.06 | 0.94 ± 0.04 |
6 months | 1.0 ± 0.06* | 1.0 ± 0.14 | 0.93 ± 0.28 | 1.1 ± 0.11 | 0.90 ± 0.23 | 0.89 ± 0.07 | 1.1 ± 0.15 | 1.0 ± 0.10 |
12 months | 0.98 ± 0.08* | 0.98 ± 0.10 | - | 0.81 ± 0.10 | 1.0 ± 0.35 | 0.93 ± 0.09 | 0.99 ± 0.14 | 1.0 ± 0.12 |
% Change at 6 months C | 42.7 a (16.6, 68.9) | 8.3 (−49.0,65.8) | −11.3 (−32.6,26.7) | 1.3 (−.45.4, 48.4) | 1.3 (−63.2, 56.7) | −3.5 (−33.1, 26.0) | 11.7 (−51.0, 74.0) | 6.4 (−32.6, 45.2) |
% Change at 12 months C | 37.3 a (4.3, 70.3) | 3.2 (−42.4,48.9) | - | −26.1 (−70.1, 18.6) | 12.2 (−14.8, 26.3) | 0.0 | 1.5 (−0.61, 58.3) | 8.2 (−43.8, 60.2) |
P-value (groups) < 0.001; P-value (time) = 0.001; P-Value (interaction) < 0.001 | ||||||||
Glucose(mmol/l) | ||||||||
Baseline | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 10.0 ± 1.1 | 7.1 ± 1.3 | 10.8 ± 1.2 | 12.4 ± 1.2 | 10.2 ± 1.0 | 9.4 ± 1.2 | 9.1 ± 1.0 |
6 months | 5.7 ± 1.1 | 9.0 ± 1.0 | 7.7 ± 1.3 | 10.3 ± 1.1 | 10.2 ± 1.1 | 10.2 ± 1.0 | 9.1 ± 1.1 | 9.7 ± 1.0 |
12 months | 5.8 ± 1.1 | 8.3 ± 1.0 | 8.2 ± 1.2 | 9.9 ± 1.0 | 10.6 ± 1.0 | 11.2 ± 1.1 | 9.6 ± 1.2 | 10.1 ± 1.1 |
% Change at 6 months C | 9.3 (−11.9, 30.6) | −10.5 (−35.1, 14.0) | 8.6 (−50.2, 67.5) | 1.7 (−29.2, 25.7) | −19.6 (−69.4, 30.0) | 0.8 (−17.4, 19.2) | −2.7 (−35.1, 29.6) | 7.0 (−17.3, 31.6) |
% Change at 12 months C | 9.4 (−12.3, 31.2) | −18.2 (−52.8, 16.2) | 12.6 (−65.1, 90.7) | −6.7 (−36.3, 22.7) | −15.6 (−79.6, 48.2) | 9.7 (−11.2, 31.1) | 2.5 (−36.9, 41.9) | 10.5 (−19.7, 40.9) |
P-value (groups) < 0.001; P-value (time) = 0.51; P-Value (interaction) = 0.26 | ||||||||