Table 1 Characteristics of control, metabolic syndrome, and diabetic men undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery

n

13

23

10

Age, years

66 ± 2

63 ± 2

66 ± 3

Left main stenosis > 50%, n (%)

6 (46%)

15 (65%)

3 (30%)

One vessel stenosis > 70%, n (%)

3 (23%)

6 (26%)

1 (10%)

Two vessel stenosis > 70%, n (%)

7 (54%)

11 (48%)

6 (60%)

Three vessel stenosis > 70%, n (%)

3 (23%)

5 (22%)

3 (30%)

Patients with occluded coronary artery, n (%)

5 (38%)

7 (30%)

5 (50%)

Coronary collaterals, Rentrop grade 2 or 3, n (%)

5 (38%)

12 (52%)

5 (50%)

Previous percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, n (%)

2 (15%)

4 (17%)

1 (10%)

Wall motion abnormality, n (%)

2 (15%)

2 (9%)

1 (10%)

Coronary grafts/patient, n

3.4 ± 0.3

3.4 ± 0.2

3.6 ± 0.2

BMI (kg/m²)

25.3 ± 0.8

30.1 ± 0.7*

30.2 ± 1.3†

BSA (m²)

1.93 ± 0.05

2.06 ± 0.03†

2.05 ± 0.06

Clinical risk factors

   Pre-admission systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

127 ± 3

134 ± 3

133 ± 4

   Pre-admission diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

74 ± 2

76 ± 2

77 ± 3

   Previous hypertension, n (%)

7 (54%)

20 (87%)

8 (80%)

   Ever smoked, n (%)

7 (54%)

15 (65%)

6 (60%)

   Fasting plasma total cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.5 ± 0.2

3.7 ± 0.3

3.1 ± 0.2

   Fasting plasma LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.1 ± 0.2

2.2 ± 0.2

1.7 ± 0.2

   Fasting plasma HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.03 ± 0.04

0.93 ± 0.05

0.88 ± 0.06

   Fasting plasma triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.08 ± 0.04

2.02 ± 0.21*

1.86 ± 0.26†

   Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

5.6 ± 0.2

5.9 ± 0.1

8.1 ± 0.5‡,§

   Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/L)

45 ± 11

84 ± 11*

149 ± 53‡

   β cell function from HOMA2-%B

65 ± 11

92 ± 9

67 ± 11

   Insulin sensitivity from HOMA2-%S

167 ± 22

90 ± 11‡

65 ± 14‡

   Insulin resistance from HOMA2-IR

0.8 ± 0.2

1.5 ± 0.2*

2.5 ± 0.7‡

   Plasma CML (μmol/L)

2.0 ± 0.2

2.2 ± 0.1

2.2 ± 0.1

   Plasma LMWF (AU/mL)

2.6 ± 0.2

2.6 ± 0.2

2.8 ± 0.3

   Plasma soluble RAGE (pg/mL)

604 ± 96

642 ± 60

753 ± 108

   Plasma NT-proBNP (pmol/L)

16 ± 4

14 ± 2

24 ± 6

   Hb (g/L)

14.4 ± 0.3

14.8 ± 0.3

13.3 ± 0.6||

   Plasma creatinine (μmol/L)

91 ± 4

91 ± 4

105 ± 4†,||

   eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m²)

74 ± 4

76 ± 3

63 ± 3†,||

   C-reactive protein (mg/L)

2.7 ± 0.9

5.5 ± 2.2

3.6 ± 1.2

Medications

   ACE inhibitor therapy, n (%)

5 (38%)

11 (48%)

8 (80%)

   ARB therapy, n (%)

2 (15%)

8 (35%)

1 (10%)

   ACEI and/or ARB therapy, (%)

7 (54%)

18 (78%)

9 (90%)

   Statin therapy, n (%)

11 (85%)

20 (87%)

9 (90%)

   Aspirin therapy, n (%)

7 (54%)

14 (61%)

5 (50%)

   Calcium antagonist therapy, n (%)

2 (15%)

6 (26%)

2 (20%)

   β-blocker therapy, n (%)

11 (85%)

15 (65%)

7 (70%)

   Long-acting nitrate therapy, n (%)

1 (8%)

4 (17%)

5 (50%)

   Thiazide or indapamide therapy, n (%)

3 (23%)

4 (17%)

3 (30%)