Novel adiponectin-resistin (AR) and insulin resistance (IRAR) indexes are useful integrated diagnostic biomarkers for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a case control study

Table 1 Anthropometric clinical parameters for each subject group

	Subjects
Variables	Control (n = 208) group A	MS without T2DM (n = 174) group B	T2DM without MS (n = 171) group C	T2DM with MS (n = 256) group D	F-test; P-value (A vs. B vs. C vs. D)
Ethnics (Malay/Chinese/Indian)	75/73/60 C*	62/54/58 NS	43/62/66 A, D*	101/75/80 C**	11.350; 0.0780
Ages (years)	55 (54, 56) D*	54 (53, 55) NS	55 (54, 56) D*	53 (52, 54) A, C	2.174; 0.0897
Diabetic medication (oral/injection)	NA	NA	157/14	197/59	NA
Duration of diabetes (years)	NA	NA	9 (8, 10)	8 (7, 9)	NA
Family history of diabetes (yes/no)	0/208	45/129	107/64	166/90	NA
Hypertension (yes/no)	0/208	123/51	13/158	219/37	NA
Dyslipidemia (yes/no)	0/208	174/0	0/171	244/12	NA
Smoking (yes/no)	39/169	48/126	55/116	91/165	NA
BMI (kg/m²)	24.39 (23.92, 24.87)	27.18 (26.69, 27.69)	24.13 (23.60, 24.67)	28.32 (27.84, 28.78)	66.309; 2.56 × 10^-38
	B*, D*	A*, C, D*	B*, D*	A*, B, C***
Waist (cm)	89 (88, 90)	96 (95, 97)	90 (88, 91)	100 (99, 102)	91.987; 3.49 × 10^-51
	B*, D*	A*, C, D**	B*, D*	A*, B, C**
WHR	0.898 (0.891, 0.904)	0.929 (0.921, 0.938)	0.914 (0.907, 0.922)	0.952 (0.946, 0.957)	50.414; 7.33 × 10^-30
	B*, C, D**	A**, C, D***	A*, B, D***	A*, B, C**
Systolic BP (mmHg)	133 (130, 135)	143 (140, 145)	129 (127, 131)	136 (134, 138)	21.188; 3.23 × 10^-13
	B**, C, D*	A*, C, D**	A, B, D*	A, B, C*
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	83 (81, 84)	88 (87, 90)	79 (78, 80)	83 (81, 84)	30.591; 9.87 × 10^-19
	B*, C*	A*, C, D**	A*, B, D**	B*, C*

Data are expressed as mean (95% confident interval). ANCOVA test was used, followed by pairwise comparison using 1,000 stratified bootstrap samples with bias corrected and accelerated (BCa) 95% CI for multiple testing bias corrections due to deviation of normality. The p-value was also adjusted for covariate ages with stratified ethnicity. The location of statistically significant differences are displayed as group's name (A, B, C, or D). Diabetic medication are including oral drugs (e.g. Metformin and Rosiglitazon) and/or injection of exogenous insulin. Significant levels: P* < 0.05, P** < 0.01, P*** < 0.001. Note: T2DM = type 2 diabetes; MS = metabolic syndrome; NA = not applicable; NS = not significant.

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