Figure 4

Leukocyte infiltration and inflammation cytokines were alleviated after TSN Administration. A significant increase in phosphorylation of Akt (Ser 473) (A) and GSK-3β (B) were observed in myocardial tissue from hearts pretreated with TSN. Administration of HOE140 shortly before TSN pretreatment abolished the effects of TSN. The levels of phospho-NF-κB p65 protein were elevated in the diabetes group compared with the control group. TSN administration also associated with reduced expression of phospho-NF-κB p65 protein and this effect was abolished by HOE140 administration. (C). Consistent with the changes of NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, diabetes resulted in a noticeable increase in IL-6, TNF-α and MPO compared with control group. TSN significantly reduced the levels of IL-6, TNF-α and MPO compared with the diabetes group. However, HOE140 administration significantly increasd IL-6, TNF-α and MPO level compared with the TSN group (D, E, F). The columns and errors bars represent means and SD. * p < 0.05 vs control, ^# p < 0.05 vs diabetes, ^## p < 0.05 vs TSN.