| Women | Prediabetes vs. NGT | T2DM vs. NGT | Men | Prediabetes vs. NGT | T2DM vs. NGT | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NGT (n = 12) | Prediabetes (n = 7) | T2DM (n = 8) | P value | P value | NGT (n = 8) | Prediabetes (n = 4) | T2DM (n = 18) | P value | P value | |
Age (yrs) | 42 ± 8 | 49 ± 13 | 57 ± 2 | 0.5 | 0.01 | 46 ± 11 | 55 ± 5 | 54 ± 8 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.5 ± 5.9 | 30.5 ± 7 | 31.2 ± 5.4 | 0.8§ | 0.3§ | 29.5 ± 3.8 | 25 ± 0.6 | 31.3 ± 3.8 | 0.1§ | 0.02§ |
Waist circumference (cm) | 96.5 ± 13 | 99.5 ± 17 | 104.7 ± 11 | 0.9§ | 0.2§ | 104 ± 9 | 95 ± 6 | 108 ± 8 | 0.1§ | 0.06§ |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 112 ± 16 | 129 ± 10 | 125 ± 11 | 0.09§ | 0.8§ | 121 ± 19 | 127 ± 18 | 127 ± 13 | 0.1§ | 0.01§ |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71 ± 10 | 76 ± 9 | 73 ± 10 | 0.9§ | 0.5§ | 76 ± 12 | 74 ± 11 | 81 ± 10 | 0.4§ | 0.2§ |
Heart rate (beats min−1) | 66 ± 4 | 72 ± 11 | 75 ± 9 | 0.056§ | 0.09§ | 69 ± 10 | 68 ± 14 | 73 ± 6 | 0.9§ | 0.03§ |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 194 ± 47 | 200 ± 38 | 161 ± 22 | 0.5§ | 0.07§ | 193 ± 29 | 206 ± 27 | 188 ± 40 | 0.5§ | 0.7§ |
HDL (mg/dl) | 57 ± 11 | 51 ± 6 | 48 ± 7 | 0.4§ | 0.3§ | 45 ± 12 | 41 ± 8 | 41 ± 8 | 0.6§ | 0.2§ |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 125 ± 39 | 136 ± 41 | 108 ± 24 | 0.8§ | 0.1§ | 125 ± 36 | 141 ± 22 | 120 ± 30 | 0.3§ | 0.9§ |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 117 ± 83 | 118 ± 34 | 156 ± 59 | 0.5§ | 0.8§ | 133 ± 75 | 130 ± 53 | 142 ± 77 | 0.7§ | 0.5§ |
Fasting plasma Glucose (mg/dL) | 88 ± 6 | 94 ± 19 | 150 ± 37 | 0.9§ | < 0.0001§ | 85 ± 6 | 99 ± 8 | 140 ± 40 | 0.01§ | 0.002§ |
2-h post load plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 111 ± 13 | 149 ± 22 | – | < 0.0001§ | – | 121 ± 14 | 142 ± 1 | – | 0.053 | – |
Fasting plasma insulin (mU/mL) | 12.5 ± 5.8 | 14.2 ± 13 | 11.1 ± 8 | 0.2§ | 0.1§ | 11.5 ± 4.2 | 8.4 ± 3.5 | 13.6 ± 7.9 | 0.4§ | 0.2§ |
HbA1c (%) | 5.5 ± 0.4 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 7.8 ± 0.9 | 0.9§ | < 0.0001§ | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.9 ± 0.2 | 7.4 ± 1.1 | 0.3§ |  < 0.0001§ |
Fat mass (Kg) | 24.2 ± 10 | 26.8 ± 11 | 25.3 ± 12 | 0.9§ | 0.8§ | 23.2 ± 5.2 | 18.9 ± 1.8 | 26.3 ± 5.7 | 0.03§ | 0.8§ |
Fat free mass (Kg) | 45.7 ± 4.3 | 47.1 ± 5.4 | 46.8 ± 5.0 | 0.6§ | 0.3§ | 44.4 ± 6.1 | 58.4 ± 2.1 | 46.7 ± 8.0 | 0.4§ | 0.1§ |
Fasting plasma glucose concentration at the beginning of the clamp (mg/dl) | 80.4 ± 6.2 | 81.4 ± 15 | 128 ± 25 | 0.8§ | 0.001§ | 78.1 ± 13 | 83.2 ± 20 | 121.5 ± 24 | 0.8§ | 0.001§ |
Antihypertensive therapy (%) | 8.3 | 14.3 | 62.5 | 0.7§ | 0.4§ | 37.5 | 25 | 66.7 | 0.5§ | 0.4§ |
Lipid-lowering therapy (%) | 8.3 | 14.3 | 75 | 0.7§ | 0.005§ | 12.5 | 25 | 44.4 | 0.5§ | 0.2§ |
Glucose-lowering therapy | – | – | 100 | – | < 0.0001§ | – | – | 100 | – | < 0.0001§ |
Meftormin (%) | – | – | 100 | – |  < 0.0001§ | – | – | 100 | – | < 0.0001§ |
Diabetes duration (years) | – | – | 5.2 ± 4.0 | – | < 0.0001§ | – | – | 3.9 ± 3.0 | – | < 0.0001§ |
Whole body insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (mg/min × Kg FFM) | 9.58 ± 8.3 | 3.74 ± 1.6 | 2.54 ± 2.7 | 0.2§ | 0.02§ | 6.9 ± 6.1 | 5.6 ± 5.5 | 3.02 ± 1.7 | 0.6§ | 0.02§ |
Myocardial MrGlu (μmol/min/100 g) | 25.7 ± 6.9 | 16.7 ± 7.2 | 6.6 ± 7.01 | 0.04§ | 0.006§ | 28.3 ± 5.4 | 18.6 ± 6.4 | 16.9 ± 10.1 | 0.02§ | 0.004§ |