Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort
Controls (n = 52) | OCAD(MetS−) (n = 38) | OCAD(MetS+) (n = 83) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline characteristics | ||||
Age (y) | \(59\pm 8\) | \(62\pm 12\) | 60 \(\pm 10\) | 0.427 |
Male (n, %) | 39 (75.0%) | 29 (76.3%) | 66 (79.5%) | 0.815 |
BMI (kg/m2) | \(22.13\pm 1.96\) | 21.71 \(\pm 1.92\) | 26.38 \(\pm 2.80\)*# | < 0.001 |
Heart rate (bpm) | 74 (63–80) | 75 (64–87) | 73 (66–83) | 0.615 |
SBP (mmHg) | \(126\pm 17\) | 121 \(\pm 27\) | 133 \(\pm 21\)# | 0.012 |
DBP (mmHg) | \(76\pm 10\) | 79 \(\pm 10\) | 81 \(\pm 13\) | 0.075 |
NYHA classification (n, %) | ||||
I/II/III/IV | – | 7 (18.5%)/14 (36.8%)/13 (34.2%)/4 (10.5%) | 14 (16.9%)/40 (48.2%)/21 (25.3%)/8 (9.6%) | 0.671 |
Cardiovascular risk factors (n, %) | ||||
T2DM | 0 (0) | 2 (5.3%) | 51 (61.4%)*# | < 0.001 |
HTN | 0 (0) | 7 (18.4%)* | 67 (80.7%)*# | < 0.001 |
Obesity | 0 (0) | 1 (2.6%) | 65 (78.3%)*# | < 0.001 |
Smoking | – | 21 (55.3%) | 41 (49.4%) | 0.549 |
Heart failure | – | 0 (0%) | 4 (4.8%) | 0.407 |
Moderate valvular heart disease | – | 3 (7.9%) | 6 (7.2%) | 1.000 |
Coronary related parameters | ||||
Gensini score | – | 24.75 (11.75–82.00) | 49.25 (20.88–96.25) | 0.196 |
Location of the obstructive coronary artery (n, %) | ||||
LM | – | 4 (10.5%) | 7 (8.5%) | 0.991 |
LAD | – | 29 (76.3%) | 72 (87.8%) | 0.109 |
LCX | – | 13 (34.2%) | 52 (63.4%)# | 0.003 |
RCA | – | 17 (44.7%) | 51 (61.4%) | 0.086 |
Number of the obstructive coronary artery (n, %) | ||||
(One/Two/Three-vessel) | – | 24 (63.2%)/5 (13.2%)/9 (23.6%) | 29 (35.4%)/11 (13.4%)/42 (51.2%) | 0.010 |
Laboratory parameters | ||||
TG (mmol/l) | – | 1.05 (0.79–1.51) | 1.87 (1.33–2.67)# | < 0.001 |
TC (mmol/l) | – | 3.86 (3.15–4.84) | 3.45 (2.91–4.35) | 0.065 |
HDL (mmol/l) | – | 1.30 (1.10–1.44) | 0.89 (0.77–1.00)# | < 0.001 |
LDL (mmol/l) | – | 2.08 (1.50–2.85) | 1.85 (1.48–2.41) | 0.182 |
HbA1c (%) | – | 6.16 (5.88–6.23) | 6.91 (6.30–6.93)# | < 0.001 |
GLU (mmol/l) | – | 5.25 (4.74–6.67) | 6.88 (5.55–8.76)# | < 0.001 |
Triglyceride index | – | 3.07 (2.16–4.78) | 6.75 (3.94–12.54)# | < 0.001 |
NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | – | 311.00 (69.50–1568.50) | 510.00 (117.00–1774.00) | 0.350 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | – | 81.69 (72.39–91.96) | 82.44 (72.67–94.14) | 0.876 |
Medication (n, %) | ||||
SGLT2 inhibitors | – | 1 (2.6%) | 5 (6.0%) | 0.729 |
Insulin | – | 1 (2.6%) | 22 (26.5%)# | 0.002 |
Biguanides | – | 0 (0) | 23 (27.7%)# | < 0.001 |
ACEI/ARB | – | 14 (36.8%) | 61 (73.5%)# | < 0.001 |
Beta-blocker | – | 25 (65.8%) | 58 (69.9%) | 0.653 |
Satins | – | 35 (92.1%) | 77 (92.8%) | 0.897 |
Anti-thrombotic agents | – | 34 (89.5%) | 79 (95.2%) | 0.241 |