Table 1 Baseline characteristics and body fat distribution among the four groups

Baseline characteristics

 Male, %

25 (58.1)

27 (55.1)

13 (52)

14 (58.3)

 Age (years)

29.0 (24.0, 34.0)

30.0 (26.0, 37.5)

29.0 (25.0, 37.5)

31.0 (26.5, 38)

 Height (cm)

166.6 ± 8.3

167.6 ± 9.4

167.1 ± 8.5

168 ± 10

 Body weight (kg)

53.7 (50.0, 62.0)

84.0 (75.0, 91.0)*

81.5 (71.3, 91.0)*

85.0 (78.1, 93.2)*

 BMI (kg/m²)

19.9 (18.8, 20.9)

28.4 (29.4, 31.1)*

28.6 (28.0, 30.4) *

30.0 (29.4, 31.2)*§

 Heart rate (bpm)

74.2 ± 8.0

73.7 ± 9.6

73.7 ± 9.5

73.8 ± 9.9

 SBP (mmHg)

109 ± 11

124 ± 10*

123 ± 11*

124.4 ± 9.0*

 DBP (mmHg)

71.6 ± 8.8

78.9 ± 6.5*

77.1 ± 6.5*

80.8 ± 6*

 MAP (mmHg)

83.9 ± 9.2

93.8 ± 6.6*

92.2 ± 6.7*

95.4 ± 6.3*

 FBG (mmol/L)

4.8 ± 0.3

5.4 ± 0.6*

5.2 ± 0.7*

5.5 ± 0.5*§

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.0 ± 0.7

4.9 ± 1.1*

4.3 ± 0.8

5.4 ± 1*§

 Triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.5 (0.4, 0.7)

1.6 (1.0, 2.7)*

1.0 (0.7, 1.4)

2.6 (1.9, 3.5) *§

 HDL (mmol/L)

1.6 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.3*

1.3 ± 0.2*

1.2 ± 0.3*

 LDL (mmol/L)

2.1 ± 0.5

2.7 ± 0.8*

2.4 ± 0.7*

2.9 ± 0.9*§

 VLDL (mmol/L)

0.2 (0.2, 0.3)

0.7 (0.5, 1.2)*

0.5 (0.3, 0.6)*

1.2 (0.9, 1.6)*§

 FINS (mmol/L)

5.9 (3.7, 7.7)

13.8 (10.9, 20.4)*

11.9 (9.7, 15.0)*

15.8 (12.3, 27.4)*§

 HOMA-IR

1.2 (0.8, 1.6)

3.4 (2.7, 4.8)*

3.0 (2.3, 3.5)*

4.2 (3.6, 7.0)*§

Adiposity measurement

 EAT (cm³)

17.9 (14.2, 23.1)

46.2 (37.7, 56.3)*

44.2 (37.6, 57.3)*

47.8 (38.1, 60.5)*

 Total fat (kg)

11.5 ± 2.6

29.5 ± 5.1*

28.2 ± 6.5*

30.4 ± 4.5*

 Trunk fat (%)

45.5 ± 5

57.7 ± 4.7*

55.6 ± 4.0*

60.0 ± 4.5*§

 Peripheral fat (%)

46.5 ± 5.5

38.5 ± 5*

40.4 ± 4.2*

36.4 ± 4.9*§

 Upper extremities fat (%)

10.9 ± 1.1

10.5 ± 1.5

11.0 ± 1.3

9.9 ± 1.6*§

 Lower extremities fat (%)

35.6 ± 5.1

28 ± 4.2*

29.4 ± 3.9*

26.5 ± 4.1*§

 Android fat (%)

5.8 ± 1.2

9.8 ± 1.5*

9.2 ± 1.3*

10.4 ± 1.5*§

 Gynoid fat (%)

18.0 ± 2.9

14.9 ± 2.0*

15.4 ± 1.7*

14.4 ± 2.2*

 Visceral fat (%)

2.2 (0.9, 3.3)

4.2 (3.3, 5.9)*

3.6 (3.0, 4.8)*

5.3 (3.6, 7.4)*§

 Waist circumference (cm)

73.4 ± 5.2

100 ± 11*

99 ± 13*

100.1 ± 8.7*

 Hip circumference (cm)

92.6 ± 4.2

107.3 ± 4.1*

107.3 ± 4.3*

107.3 ± 4.1*

 Waist-to-hip ratio

0.79 ± 0.05

0.93 ± 0.09*

0.9 ± 0.1*

0.93 ± 0.07*

 Waist-to-height ratio

0.44 ± 0.04

0.6 ± 0.06*

0.6 ± 0.07*

0.6 ± 0.04*