| All patients (n = 774) | FLI < 30 (n = 515) | FLI 30–59 (n = 169) | FLI ≥ 60 (n = 90) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men/women, n (%) | 407/367 (52.6/47.4) | 234/281 (45.4/54.6) | 108/61*** (63.9/36.1) | 65/25*** (72.2/27.8) |  < 0.0001 |
Age, years | 40.2 ± 11.7 | 37.8 ± 10.7 | 45.2 ± 12.1 *** | 44.3 ± 12.1 *** |  < 0.0001 |
Age at diabetes diagnosis, years | 20.9 ± 10.9 | 20.2 ± 10.9 | 22.6 ± 10.6 | 21.8 ± 10.8 | 0.031 |
Duration of diabetes, years | 19.4 ± 12.2 | 17.7 ± 11.6 | 22.7 ± 12.8 *** | 22.4 ± 12.8 ** |  < 0.0001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.8 ± 3.6 | 23.1 ± 2.3 | 27.0 ± 2.0 | 30.4 ± 3.7 |  |
Waist circumference, cm | 90.8 ± 10.7 | 85.5 ± 7.1 | 98.0 ± 6.2 | 107.5 ± 9.4 |  |
Smoking habits: non-smokers, current smokers, n (%) | 549/225 (70.9/29.1) | 365/150 (70.9/29.1) | 118/51 (69.8/30.2) | 66/24 (73.3/26.7) | Â |
Fasting glucose, mmol/l | 9.44 ± 4.56 | 9.14 ± 4.48 | 9.72 ± 4.51 | 10.67 ± 4.91 * | 0.009 |
HbA1c, % | 7.83 ± 1.18 | 7.75 ± 1.25 | 7.91 ± 0.96 | 8.14 ± 1.09 * |  < 0.0001 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol | 62.1 ± 12.9 | 61.2 ± 13.6 | 62.9 ± 10.5 | 65.5 ± 11.9 * |  < 0.0001 |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 127 ± 18 | 122 ± 16 | 133 ± 18 *** | 140 ± 16 *** ††|  < 0.0001 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 73 ± 9 | 72 ± 8 | 75 ± 8 *** | 79 ± 11 *** ††|  < 0.0001 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 4.84 ± 0.88 | 4.73 ± 0.84 | 5.06 ± 0.86 *** | 5.07 ± 1.02 ** |  < 0.0001 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 3.01 ± 0.76 | 2.88 ± 0.72 | 3.26 ± 0.75 *** | 3.27 ± 0.84 *** |  < 0.0001 |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.58 (1.35–1.87) | 1.66 (1.40–1.94) | 1.50 *** (1.27–1.85) | 1.36 *** ††(1.15–1.59) |  < 0.0001 |
Triacylglycerol, mmol/l | 0.85 (0.65–1.14) | 0.75 (0.60–0.95) | 1.07 (0.84–1.43) | 1.33 (0.90–2.25) |  |
ALT, U/l | 22.3 ± 31.8 | 18.9 ± 12.1 | 24.1 ± 16.5 | 38.0 ± 84.2 *** ††|  < 0.0001 |
AST, U/l | 20.0 ± 10.8 | 18.6 ± 8.3 | 21.9 ± 12.9 ** | 24.6 ± 16.0 *** |  < 0.0001 |
Gamma-GT, U/l | 20.6 ± 33.3 | 14.1 ± 7.1 | 24.9 ± 22.9 | 49.6 ± 84.6 |  |
Fibrinogen, µmol/l | 9.89 ± 2.00 | 9.57 ± 1.89 | 10.25 ± 1.75 ** | 11.00 ± 2.47 *** †|  < 0.0001 |
Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), mg/mmol | 0.49 (0.26–1.00) | 0.47 (0.25–0.89) | 0.46 (0.26–0.97) | 0.83 *** †††(0.37–3.15) |  < 0.0001 |
eGFR, CKD-EPI, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 102.5 ± 17.4 | 105.0 ± 16.8 | 98.1 ± 15.3 *** | 96.7 ± 21.2 *** |  < 0.0001 |
Uric acid, µmol/l | 223.6 ± 67.4 | 209.8 ± 57.1 | 235.9 ± 65.9 *** | 279.4 ± 88.7 *** †††|  < 0.0001 |
eGDR, mg/kg/min | 8.29 (5.54–9.31) | 8.89 (7.37–9.65) | 6.67 *** (4.37–8.19) | 3.96 *** †††(3.34–6.86) |  < 0.0001 |
Daily insulin dose, IU/kg body weight | 0.66 ± 0.20 | 0.65 ± 0.19 | 0.68 ± 0.19 | 0.73 ± 0.27 ** | 0.001 |
Treatment with BP-lowering agents, n (%) | 151 (19.5) | 65 (12.6) | 49 (29.0) *** | 37 (41.1) *** †|  < 0.0001 |
Treatment with RAS blockers, n (%) | 136 (17.6) | 57 (11.1) | 43 (25.4) *** | 36 (40.0) *** †|  < 0.0001 |
Treatment with lipid-lowering agents, n (%) | 100 (12.9) | 37 (7.2) | 39 (23.1) *** | 24 (26.7) *** |  < 0.0001 |
Treatment with metformin, n (%) | 46 (5.9) | 21 (4.1) | 10 (5.9) | 15 (16.7) *** ††|  < 0.0001 |
Treatment with aspirin, n (%) | 50 (6.5) | 10 (1.9) | 24 (14.2) *** | 16 (17.8) *** |  < 0.0001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 270 (34.9) | 126 (24.5) | 83 (49.1) *** | 61 (67.8) *** ††|  < 0.0001 |
Retinopathy: no retinopathy/non advanced/advanced, n (%) | 452/202/120 (58.4/26.1/15.5) | 334/123/58 (64.9/23.9/11.3) | 80/55/34 *** (47.3/32.5/20.1) | 38/24/28 *** (42.2/26.7/31.1) |  < 0.0001 |
Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy, n (%) | 68 (8.8) | 30 (5.8) | 23 (13.6) ** | 15 (16.7) *** |  < 0.0001 |
Diabetic kidney disease, n (%) | 82 (10.6) | 36 (7.0) | 19 (11.2) | 27 (30.0) *** †††|  < 0.0001 |
Major adverse cardiovascular events, n (%) | 41 (5.3) | 11 (2.1) | 18 (10.7) *** | 12 (13.3) *** |  < 0.0001 |
ST1-RE: 10-year risk: < 10%/10–20%/ > 20%, n (%) | 459/188/127 (59.3/24.3/16.4) | 358/111/46 (69.5/21.6/8.9) | 65/55/49 *** (38.5/32.5/29.0) | 36/22/32 *** (40.0/24.4/35.6) |  < 0.0001 |
EURO-RE: 10-year risk: < 10%/10–20%/ > 20%, n (%) | 501/171/102 (64.7/22.1/13.2) | 400/87/28(77.7/16.9/5.4) | 70/55/44 *** (41.4/32.5/26.0) | 31/29/30 *** (34.4/32.2/33.3) |  < 0.0001 |