Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants

Age, y

52.49 ± 14.67

55.51 ± 14.75

51.91 ± 14.59

< 0.001

Men, n (%)

2486 (45.33)

434 (49.37)

2052 (44.56)

0.009

Smoking, n (%)

343 (6.25)

57 (6.48)

286 (6.21)

0.759

Drinking, n (%)

673 (12.27)

109 (12.40)

564 (12.25)

0.899

Physical activity, n (%)

3982 (72.61)

642 (73.04)

3340 (72.53)

0.757

Education, n (%)

0.206

Primary school

and below

155 (2.83)

17 (1.93)

138 (3.00)

Junior high school

1442 (26.29)

229 (26.05)

1213 (26.34)

High school and above

3887 (70.88)

633 (72.01)

3254 (70.66)

Hypertension, n (%)

1306 (23.81)

266 (30.26)

1040 (22.58)

< 0.001

SBP, mmHg

123 [112, 136]

127 [116, 139]

122 [111, 135]

< 0.001

DBP, mmHg

75 [68, 82]

77 [70, 84]

75 [68, 82]

< 0.001

BMI, kg/m²

24.22 [22.03, 26.56]

24.83 [22.63, 27.08]

24.11 [21.90, 26.42]

< 0.001

AST, U/L

19 [14, 26]

19 [15, 27]

19 [14, 26]

0.002

ALT, U/L

21 [18, 25]

22 [19, 25]

21 [18, 25]

0.002

TG, mg/dL

114.29 [80.63, 163.25]

128.47 [91.26, 182.07]

111.64 [78.85, 159.48]

< 0.001

LDL-C, mg/dL

112.89 [93.17, 134.25]

115.98 [95.88, 139.18]

112.11 [92.78, 132.99]

0.002

HDL-C, mg/dL

54.90 [46.01, 64.95]

53.35 [44.07, 63.02]

54.90 [46.39, 64.95]

< 0.001

Glu, mg/dL

93.78 [88.38, 100.08]

95.58 [90.00, 102.87]

93.42 [88.02, 99.72]

< 0.001

HbA1c, %

5.3 [5.0, 5.6]

5.4 [5.1, 5.7]

5.3 [5.0, 5.6]

< 0.001

Urea, mmol/L

4.91 [4.15, 5.85]

5.20 [4.31, 6.09]

4.87 [4.13, 5.79]

< 0.001

UA, µmol/L

314 [263, 374]

324 [274, 380]

312 [262, 372]

0.001

Cr, mg/dL

0.72 [0.63, 0.85]

0.75 [0.64, 0.87]

0.72 [0.62, 0.85]

< 0.001

eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m²

102.23 [93.16, 111.15]

99.22 [90.88, 107.95]

102.88 [93.80, 111.58]

< 0.001

Baseline TyG

8.60 [8.23, 8.97]

8.72 [8.37, 9.11]

8.57 [8.20, 8.93]

< 0.001

Cumulative TyG index

17.05 [16.21, 17.88]

17.41 [16.68, 18.20]

16.97 [16.13, 17.82]

< 0.001

TyG index variability

0.026 [0.016, 0.037]

0.029 [0.019, 0.040]

0.025 [0.016, 0.037]

< 0.001