The role of empagliflozin-induced metabolic changes for cardiac function in patients with type 2 diabetes. A randomized cross-over magnetic resonance imaging study with insulin as comparator

Table 3 Cardiac outcomes

	PE	E	ΔE	PI	I	ΔI	ΔT
Cardiac functionṣ—rest
MR day 1
LVPFR (ml/s)	400 ± 27	376 ± 28	−38 ± 20	405 ± 33	417 ± 25	8 ± 25	−55 ± 19**
LAPEF (%)	24 ± 2	27 ± 3	2 ± 3	24 ± 3	26 ± 3	1 ± 2	2 ± 2
LVEF (%)	61 ± 2	63 ± 3	2 ± 1	62 ± 2	63 ± 2	1 ± 1	−1 ± 2
Heart Rate (min⁻¹)	63 ± 2	63 ± 2	−1 ± 1	65 ± 3	64 ± 2	−1 ± 1	0 ± 1
MR day 2—acipimox
LVPFR (ml/s)	427 ± 25	367 ± 24	−56 ± 30	391 ± 35	386 ± 21	−5 ± 27	−15 ± 25
LAPEF (%)	24 ± 2	26 ± 2	2 ± 2	22 ± 2	26 ± 3	4 ± 2	−0 ± 2
LVEF (%)	59 ± 2	56 ± 2‡‡	−2 ± 2	56 ± 2‡‡	57 ± 2‡‡	1 ± 1	−1 ± 2
Heart Rate (min⁻¹)	62 ± 2	64 ± 2	2 ± 2	64 ± 2	61 ± 2‡‡	−2 ± 1*,†	3 ± 1*
Cardiac function–chronotropic stress
MR day 1
LVPFR (ml/s)	334 ± 30	334 ± 31	−4 ± 44	367 ± 32	361 ± 30	−16 ± 28	−12 ± 47
LAPEF (%)	20 ± 2	21 ± 3	1 ± 3	21 ± 3	23 ± 3	2 ± 2	−1 ± 1
LVEF (%)	58 ± 2	59 ± 3	−1 ± 2	57 ± 3	57 ± 2	−1 ± 1	1 ± 1
Heart Rate (min⁻¹)	78 ± 2	78 ± 2	0 ± 2	78 ± 3	80 ± 2	1 ± 1	−1 ± 2
MR day 2—acipimox
LVPFR (ml/s)	340 ± 28	307 ± 12	−33 ± 26	321 ± 27	358 ± 29	37 ± 26†	−51 ± 22*
LAPEF (%)	22 ± 3	23 ± 3	1 ± 2	21 ± 3	24 ± 3	3 ± 1*	−2 ± 3
LVEF (%)	57 ± 2	54 ± 2‡‡	−3 ± 1*	56 ± 2	57 ± 2	1 ± 2	−3 ± 1*
Heart rate (min⁻¹)	78 ± 2	78 ± 2	−1 ± 2	77 ± 3	78 ± 3	1 ± 2	−1 ± 2

Data are presented as Mean ± SEM
PE Pre-Empagliflozin, E Empagliflozin, PI Pre-Insulin, I Insulin, ΔE E-PE, ΔI I-PI, ΔT E-I
^*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. †p < 0.05 vs ΔE. ‡‡p < 0.01 vs MR Day 1

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