Table 1 Baseline study population clinical characteristics (N = 3,741) stratified by HOMA-IR category
Total population (N = 3,741) | HOMA-IR < 2 (reference) (n = 3,181) | HOMA-IR 2 to < 3 (n = 410) | HOMA-IR ≥ 3 (n = 150) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | |||||
Age, years | 45.5 ± 4.2 | 45.4 ± 4.2 | 46.4 ± 4.3 | 46.9 ± 4.2 | < 0.001a,b |
Sex, male | 2,295 (61.3) | 1,815 (57.1) | 349 (85.1) | 131 (87.3) | < 0.001a,b |
Race/ethnicity, Caucasian | 3,736 (99.9) | 3,176 (99.8) | 410 (100) | 150 (100) | 0.808 |
Risk factors | |||||
Hypertension | 389 (10.4) | 244 (7.7) | 95 (23.2) | 50 (33.3) | < 0.001a,b |
Dyslipidemia | 1,468 (39.2) | 1,096 (34.4) | 271 (66.1) | 101 (67.3) | < 0.001a,b |
Smoking | 743 (20.0) | 638 (20.2) | 82 (20.3) | 23 (15.3) | 0.190 |
Sedentary lifestyle | 3,642 (98.5) | 3,099 (98.6) | 395 (97.8) | 148 (99.3) | 0.875 |
Family history of CV disease | 585 (15.6) | 474 (14.9) | 79 (19.3) | 32 (21.3) | < 0.001a |
Metabolic syndrome | 279 (7.5) | 94 (3.0) | 111 (27.1) | 74 (49.3) | < 0.001a,b |
Measured risk and health factors | |||||
SBP, mmHg | 115.7 ± 12.5 | 114.3 ± 12.0 | 123.0 ± 12.3 | 125.3 ± 11.8 | < 0.001a,b |
DBP, mmHg | 72.1 ± 9.4 | 71.0 ± 8.9 | 78.2 ± 9.2 | 79.6 ± 9.3 | < 0.001a,b |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 199.8 ± 32.7 | 198.0 ± 32.0 | 209.3 ± 35.1 | 212.2 ± 32.3 | < 0.001a,b |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 49.5 ± 12.2 | 50.8 ± 12.1 | 42.3 ± 9.4 | 40.2 ± 8.7 | < 0.001a,b |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 131.9 ± 29.2 | 130.3 ± 28.8 | 141.2 ± 30.1 | 140.0 ± 27.6 | < 0.001a,b |
Non-HDL-C, mg/dL | 150.4 ± 33.1 | 147.2 ± 32.1 | 167.0 ± 33.6 | 172.0 ± 31.6 | < 0.001a,b |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 78 [59–109] | 73 [56–99] | 117 [85–151] | 132 [103–197] | < 0.001a,b |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.9 ± 3.6 | 25.2 ± 3.2 | 29.3 ± 3.2 | 30.9 ± 3.6 | < 0.001a,b |
Waist, cm | 88.5 ± 11.5 | 86.4 ± 10.5 | 99.4 ± 9.1 | 103.5 ± 9.3 | < 0.001a,b |
Basal Insulin, mU/L | 5 [3.5–7.1] | 4.5 [3.3-6.0] | 10.1 [9.3–11] | 14.8 [13.4–17.6] | < 0.001a,b |
Basal glucose, mg/dL | 88 [83–94] | 87 [82–93] | 95 [90–100] | 99 [94–104] | < 0.001a,b |
HbA1c, % | 5.4 [5.2–5.6] | 5.4 [5.1–5.6] | 5.4 [5.2–5.7] | 5.5 [5.4–5.7] | < 0.001a,b |
Ratio total-cholesterol/HDL | 4.1 [3.4–4.9] | 3.9 [3.3–4.7] | 5.0 [4.2–5.8] | 5.3 [4.6–6.4] | < 0.001a,b |
Ratio triglycerides/HDL | 1.6 [1.1–2.5] | 1.5 [1.0-2.2] | 2.7 [1.9-4.0] | 3.6 [2.4–5.2] | < 0.001a,b |
TyG index | 4.4 [4.3–4.6] | 4.4 [4.2–4.5] | 4.6 [4.5–4.8] | 4.7 [4.6–4.9] | < 0.001a,b |
Mod/vig activity, min/week | 241 [160–346] | 244 [162–349] | 233 [152–335] | 223 [142–357] | < 0.001 |
Inflammatory markers | |||||
hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.09 [0.05–0.18] | 0.08 [0.04–0.16] | 0.15 [0.09–0.28] | 0.16 [0.10–0.30] | < 0.001a,b |
Ferritin, ng/mL | 55.4 [25.0-126.0] | 50.5 [23.6-110.7] | 135.1 [57.2-213.3] | 125.4 [46.6-221.2] | < 0.001a,b |
1–hour ESR, mm | 5 [4–8] | 5 [4–8] | 5 [4–8] | 6 [4–9] | 0.572 |
Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 258.6 [231.9-288.7] | 257.5 [231.4-287.7] | 262.6 [233.7-296.4] | 268.5 [248.6-301.5] | < 0.001a,b |
Risk scores | |||||
SCORE2, % | 2.0 [1.2–3.1] | 1.9 [1.1–2.9] | 2.8 [2.1–3.9] | 3.1 [2.4–4.1] | < 0.001a,b |
Framingham risk score 10y, % | 5.5 [3.4-9.0] | 5.1 [3.1–8.2] | 8.5 [6.0-13.2] | 10.7 [7.1–14.4] | < 0.001a,b |
Framingham risk score 30y, % | 14.4 [8.4–22.5] | 13.0 [7.7–20.7] | 22.1 [15.5–31.8] | 26.0 [18.8–33.3] | < 0.001a,b |
Regicor risk score, % | 1.6 [0.9–2.5] | 1.4 [0.8–2.3] | 2.5 [1.7–3.5] | 2.9 [2.1–3.9] | < 0.001a,b |