Table 1 Baseline characteristics
Characteristics | HbA1c < 5.7% (n = 251,947) | HbA1c 5.7–6.4% (n = 43,307) | HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (n = 10,351) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), y | 55.9 ± 8.2 | 59.8 ± 7.1 | 59.3 ± 7.3 | < 0.001 |
Female | 135,011 (53.6%) | 22,735 (52.5%) | 3859 (37.3%) | < 0.001 |
Ethnicity |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 White | 242,133 (96.1%) | 39,208 (90.5%) | 8954 (86.5%) |  |
 Black | 2264 (0.9%) | 1282 (3.0%) | 345 (3.3%) |  |
 Asian | 3777 (1.5%) | 1765 (4.1%) | 747 (7.2%) |  |
 Mixed/other | 3773 (1.5%) | 1052 (2.4%) | 305 (2.9%) |  |
BMI, mean (SD) | 26.8 ± 4.3 | 28.9 ± 5.2 | 31.5 ± 5.8 | < 0.001 |
Alcohol |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Non | 15,887 (6.3%) | 4519 (10.4%) | 1573 (15.2%) |  |
 1–2 times/week | 117,029 (46.4%) | 22,260 (51.4%) | 5603 (54.1%) |  |
 ≥ 3 times/week | 119,031 (47.2%) | 16,528 (38.2%) | 3175 (30.7%) |  |
Smoking |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Non- | 142,872 (56.7%) | 21,326 (49.2%) | 4936 (47.7%) |  |
 Ex- | 85,423 (33.9%) | 15,602 (36.0%) | 4168 (40.3%) |  |
 Current- | 23,652 (9.4%) | 6379 (14.7%) | 1247 (12.0%) |  |
Hypertension | 55,261 (21.9%) | 16,312 (37.7%) | 6217 (60.1%) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 24,540 (9.7%) | 9865 (22.8%) | 4121 (39.8%) | < 0.001 |
Heart failure | 4341 (1.7%) | 1014 (2.3%) | 310 (3.0%) | < 0.001 |
Peripheral artery disease | 742 (0.3%) | 238 (0.5%) | 74 (0.7%) | < 0.001 |
CKD or ESRD | 1766 (0.7%) | 656 (1.5%) | 303 (2.9%) | < 0.001 |
Physical activity |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Low | 45,067 (17.9%) | 8958 (20.7%) | 2982 (28.8%) |  |
 Intermediate | 102,849 (40.8%) | 17,754 (41.0%) | 4128 (39.9%) |  |
 High | 104,031 (41.3%) | 16,595 (38.3%) | 3241 (31.3%) |  |
Economic status |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Q1 (Lowest) | 30,264 (12.0%) | 6702 (15.5%) | 2142 (20.7%) |  |
 Q2 | 32,262 (12.8%) | 6132 (14.2%) | 1661 (16.0%) |  |
 Q3 | 37,605 (14.9%) | 6534 (15.1%) | 1536 (14.8%) |  |
 Q4 | 52,967 (21.0%) | 8717 (20.1%) | 1891 (18.3%) |  |
 Q5 (Highest) | 98,849 (39.2%) | 15,222 (35.1%) | 3121 (30.2%) |  |