Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population by categories of ratio of leg fat to total fat (LF/TF ratio)

Leg fat (kg)

4.3 ± 1.4

5.1 ± 1.7^§

5.4 ± 1.8^§,∥

5.1 ± 1.4

6.4 ± 1.7^§

7.6 ± 2.1^§,∥

Total fat (kg)

15.9 ± 4.1

15.6 ± 4.4^§

13.9 ± 4.0^§,∥

21.5 ± 4.9

22.6 ± 5.3^§

23.0 ± 5.4^§

LF/TF ratio (%)

26.4 ± 3.2

32.5 ± 3.3^§

38.7 ± 4.8^§,∥

23.8 ± 2.2

28.1 ± 1.8^§

33.0 ± 3.2^§,∥

Age (year)

57.0 ± 13.5

47.5 ± 15.0^§

38.2 ± 14.2^§,∥

55.7 ± 12.3

51.1 ± 13.9^§

43.6 ± 14.6^§,∥

Men (%)

40.4

40.3

40.3

49.2

49.2

49.2

Waist circumference (cm)

80.4 ± 6.5

76.7 ± 6.9^§

72.5 ± 7.1^§,∥

92.0 ± 6.8

91.0 ± 7.0^§

88.6 ± 7.3^§,∥

BMI (kg/m²)

22.7 ± 1.7

22.0 ± 1.9^§

20.9 ± 2.1^§,∥

27.4 ± 2.1

27.5 ± 2.3

27.2 ± 2.2^∥

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

122.1 ± 17.9

114.0 ± 16.6^§

107.8 ± 13.6^§,∥

125.9 ± 16.3

122.8 ± 16.4^§

117.4 ± 15.4^§,∥

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

76.2 ± 10.4

73.1 ± 10.2^§

70.1 ± 9.3^§,∥

79.9 ± 10.2

78.9 ± 10.4^§

76.5 ± 10.2^§,∥

Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)

102.1 ± 26.6

93.6 ± 19.3^§

89.3 ± 12.2^§,∥

111.0 ± 31.8

101.6 ± 21.0^§

95.2 ± 15.9^§,∥

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)^a

194.4 ± 36.6

185.2 ± 33.2^§

172.9 ± 30.0^§,∥

200.3 ± 37.4

198.3 ± 36.5

191.3 ± 35.3^§,∥

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)^a

50.7 ± 12.0

54.6 ± 13.0^§

57.5 ± 12.6^§,∥

47.3 ± 10.8

47.7 ± 11.1

49.8 ± 11.0^§,∥

Triglycerides (mg/dL)^a

154.4 ± 114.1

115.6 ± 87.4^§

85.1 ± 67.8^§,∥

190.6 ± 150.1

174.0 ± 121.3^§

136.3 ± 98.3^§,∥

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)^a

118.4 ± 33.5

112.5 ± 29.5^§

102.8 ± 26.6^§,∥

122.1 ± 34.0

122.0 ± 32.5

119.6 ± 31.3

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

90.1 ± 16.1

97.3 ± 16.5^§

103.6 ± 16.1^§,∥

98.1 ± 16.8

92.2 ± 16.2^§

97.9 ± 16.6^§,∥

WBC (10³/μL)

6.1 ± 1.7

5.8 ± 1.6^§

5.6 ± 1.5^§,∥

6.6 ± 1.8

6.5 ± 1.7

6.2 ± 1.6^§,∥

Insulin (ųU/mL)^a

9.4 ± 5.4

8.7 ± 3.9^§

8.4 ± 3.4^§,∥

13.0 ± 7.6

12.1 ± 5.8

11.1 ± 4.6

HOMA-IR^a

2.4 ± 2.3

2.0 ± 1.1^§

1.9 ± 0.8^§,∥

3.7 ± 3.4

3.1 ± 1.9^§

2.6 ± 1.2^§,∥

Alcohol (g/week)

73.8 ± 122.5

63.5 ± 113.3^§

44.6 ± 84.2^§,∥

82.0 ± 132.0

78.9 ± 123.5

67.8 ± 113.4^§

Current smoker (%)

20.5

21.6

20.9

21.3

23.3

24.2

Regular exercise (%)^b

24.2

24.7

22.0^§

26.4

27.2

28.5

Hypertension (%)

37.5

17.9^§

7.0^§,∥

53.8

40.7^§

24.0^§,∥

Diabetes (%)

15.2

4.1^§

1.1^§,∥

26.4

12.2^§

4.3^§,∥

Metabolic syndrome (%)

37.6

11.9^§

2.4^§,∥

72.4

60.2^§

35.0^§,∥

Chronic kidney disease (%)^c

4.3

2.1^§

0.6^§,∥

5.3

3.7

2.2^§