Tertiles of dietary PRAL (mEq/day) | P value* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
T1 (n = 3859) | T2 (n = 3540) | T3 (n = 4202) | ||
PRAL (mEq/d)a | −21.8 (−199.8 ~ −7.5) | −2.9‡ (−11.3 ~ 8.2) | 11.2‡ (−10.4 ~ 181.4) | <0.001 |
DAL (mEq/d) | 11.1 ± 20.8 | 35.9 ± 6.5‡ | 53.4 ± 14.6‡ | <0.001 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | 388.0 ± 186.4 | 278.1 ± 139.4‡ | 307.8 ± 177.2‡ | <0.001 |
Age (year) | 56.2 ± 10.3 | 57.1 ± 11.0‡ | 56.8 ± 11.2‡ | 0.001 |
Male (%) | 41.4 | 41.3 | 41.8 | 0.881 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 82.7 ± 9.0 | 82.5 ± 9.2 | 82.9 ± 9.3 | 0.255 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 3.0 | 23.9 ± 3.1‡ | 24.0 ± 3.1 | 0.041 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.4 ± 17.2 | 122.1 ± 18.0‡ | 122.2 ± 17.6‡ | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.3 ± 10.1 | 76.8 ± 10.6 | 77.2 ± 10.5‡ | 0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 101.4 ± 27.5 | 100.5 ± 23.3 | 100.6 ± 24.9 | 0.213 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)b | 193.2 ± 36.1 | 194.1 ± 36.7 | 194.3 ± 36.5 | 0.436 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)b | 51.1 ± 12.3 | 51.1 ± 12.6 | 51.2 ± 12.5 | 0.842 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL)b | 138.8 ± 102.7 | 145.5 ± 119.8‡ | 144.7 ± 113.5‡ | 0.004 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)b | 119.0 ± 32.4 | 119.2 ± 32.6 | 119.0 ± 32.3 | 0.043 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.903 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 88.3 ± 14.9 | 87.9 ± 15.0 | 88.5 ± 15.5 | 0.193 |
Insulin (ųU/mL)b | 9.8 ± 5.2 | 9.8 ± 5.9 | 10.0 ± 6.5 | 0.807 |
HOMA-IRb | 2.5 ± 1.9 | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 2.5 ± 2.5 | 0.962 |
Urine pH | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 5.7 ± 0.8‡ | 0.013 |
Heavy drink (%) | 12.3 | 14.1 | 17.0‡ | <0.001 |
Current smoking (%) | 15.4 | 17.8‡ | 20.0‡ | <0.001 |
Exercise (%) | 28.3 | 24.6‡ | 24.6‡ | <0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 34.4 | 37.9‡ | 38.5‡ | <0.001 |
IFG/Diabetes (%) | 23.3/13.4 | 24.2/13.4 | 25.0/12.7 | 0.427 |
Metabolic syndrome (%) | 37.1 | 38.8 | 40.2‡ | 0.014 |
Chronic kidney disease (%) | 3.8 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 0.263 |
Region (Metro/City/Rural, %) | 43.3/30.2/26.5 | 42.3/31.5/26.3 | 41.7/30.2/28.1 | 0.237 |
Family history of cardio- or cerebro-vascular disease (%) | 6.6 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 0.811 |