Skip to main content

Table 3 Adjusted OR and 95 % CIs for diabetic retinopathy by vitamin D status stratified by age, sex, race, duration of diabetes, and HbA1c levels among Caucasian and African American ARIC study participants classified as having diabetes, with gradable eye photo at visit 3 (1993–95), and available serum 25(OH)D concentrations at visit 2 (1990–92) (N = 1339)

From: Adequate vitamin D status is associated with the reduced odds of prevalent diabetic retinopathy in African Americans and Caucasians

 

Vitamin D status assessed with serum 25(OH)D concentrations (nmol/L)

 

<30 deficient

30 to <50 inadequate

50 to <75 adequate

≥75 adequate

p trend*

Continuous, per 10 nmol/L

Age group

 47 to 54 years (n = 471)

   #with DR/# in group

8/40

40/172

33/195

10/64

  

  Adjusted OR (95 % CI)a

1

1.20 (0.42–3.44)

0.90 (0.31–2.64)

1.44 (0.39–5.25)

0.800

1.02 (0.87–1.20)

 55–59 years (n = 356)

   #with DR/# in group

6/26

24/124

30/147

7/59

  

  Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

1

0.84 (0.23–3.04)

1.12 (0.31–4.08)

0.88 (0.19–4.07)

0.686

0.96 (0.80–1.16)

 60–64 years (n = 332)

  #with DR/# in group

9/19

30/103

35/149

5/61

  

  Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

1

0.43 (0.14–1.36)

0.39 (0.12–1.20)

0.10 (0.02–0.45)

0.011

0.80 (0.68–0.95)

 65 to 68 years (n = 180)

  #with DR/# in group

5/11

17/55

17/86

4/28

  

  Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

1

0.64 (0.13–3.09)

0.38 (0.08–1.81)

0.27 (0.04–1.69)

0.203

0.86 (0.68–1.08)

 p for interaction

0.372

     

Sex

 Men (n = 629)

  #with DR/# in group

5/18

38/161

64/323

12/127

  

  Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

1

0.67 (0.19–2.36)

0.52 (0.15–1.79)

0.23 (0.06–0.89)

0.019

0.85 (0.75–0.97)

 Women (n = 710)

   #with DR/# in group

23/78

73/293

51/254

14/85

  

  Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

1

0.80 (0.41–1.59)

0.68 (0.33–1.38)

0.78 (0.31–1.97)

0.262

0.93 (0.82–1.05)

 p for interaction

0.320

     

Race

 

 Caucasian (n = 906)

  #with DR/# in group

10/38

55/249

73/428

23/191

  

  Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

1

0.72 (0.29–1.81)

0.52 (0.21–1.28)

0.40 (0.15–1.07)

0.072

0.91 (0.82–1.01)

African American (n = 433)

  #with DR/# in group

18/58

56/205

42/149

3/21

  

  Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

1

0.89 (0.42–1.89)

0.98 (0.45–2.16)

0.45 (0.10–2.15)

0.268

0.91 (0.77–1.08)

 p for interaction

0.555

     

Duration of diabetes,

 <6 years (n = 593)

 #with DR/# in group

5/44

13/195

15/256

1/98

  

 Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

1

0.53 (0.17–1.60)

0.48 (0.16–1.45)

0.08 (0.01–0.72)

0.014

0.77 (0.62–0.95)

 ≥6 years (n = 746)

 #with DR/# in group

23/52

98/259

100/321

25/114

  

 Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

1

0.99 (0.50–1.95)

0.84 (0.43–1.65)

0.68 (0.30–1.52)

0.219

0.94 (0.85–1.04)

p for interaction

0.417

     

HBA1c levels

      

  ≤7 % (adequate control) (n = 756)

  #with DR/# in group

5/47

21/241

16/326

4/142

  

  Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

1

0.75 (0.26–2.13)

0.44 (0.15–1.29)

0.26 (0.06–1.07)

0.091

0.86 (0.73–1.02)

  >7 % (inadequate control) (n = 583)

  #with DR/# in group

23/49

90/213

99/251

22/70

  

  Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

1

0.93 (0.47–1.83)

0.89 (0.45–1.77)

0.65 (0.28–1.51)

0.163

0.93 (0.83–1.03)

p for interaction

0.290

     
  1. * p for trend calculated using serum 25(OH)D as a continuous variable
  2. aModel adjusted for race, duration of diabetes, HbA1c (continuous), and hypertension status. Strata of HbA1c are further adjusted for continuous levels of HBA1c
Back to article page

Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840