Table 1 Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

CKD Stages 2-4

CKD stages other than 2-4

BMI ≥ 30

Hyperparathyroidism/osteoporosis

Diabetes mellitus

Symptomatic neuropathy/retinopathy

Proteinuria (urine protein/creatinine > 200 mg/g for ≥ 3 months)

Positive stress test due to coronary arterial disease

Treatment with ACE inhibitor or ARB, aspirin, and statin (if LDL > 100)

Symptomatic cardiovascular disease

Congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association Class III or IV)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (FEV1 < 50% predicted and/or requires supplemental oxygen support during exercise)

Complaints of angina during the stress test

Cerebrovascular disease/cognitive impairment

Renal transplant

Inability to walk on the treadmill

Any unforeseen illness or disability that would preclude exercise testing or training

Participation in a formal exercise program within the previous 12 weeks