Table 3 Patients’ characteristics according to the presence or absence of asymptomatic coronary artery disease in the diabetic cohort

Clinical characteristics:

Age, years

61.0 ± 8.1

62.0 ± 8.8

NS

Gender (Male/Female)

56/40

16/5

NS

Body mass index, kg/m²

31.0 ± 5.6

28.6 ± 3.9

0.07

NS

Diabetes:

Diabetes duration, years

14 (10;21)

12 (11;19)

NS

HbA1c, %

7.5 (6.8;8.9)

7.7 (6.9;8.0)

NS

HbA1c, mmol/mmol

58 (51;74)

61 (52;64)

NS

Retinopathy (%)

47 (51.1)

11 (55.0)

NS

Nephropathy (%)

38 (39.6)

11 (52.4)

NS

 Creatinine clearance, ml/min

83.6 ± 21.6

79.8 ± 24.2

NS

 Urinary albumin excretion rate (mg/day)

14 (7;74)

32 (7;495)

NS

 Macroproteinuria (%)

18 (18.9)

7 (33.3)

NS

Peripheral neuropathy (%)

45 (46.9)

9 (42.9)

NS

Additional cardiovascular risk factors:

Hypertension (%)

83 (86.5)

19 (90.5)

NS

Anti-hypertensive treatment (%)

82 (85.4)

19 (90.5)

NS

Dyslipidemia (%)

83 (86.5)

19 (90.5)

NS

 HDL cholesterol, mmol/l

1.1 (1.0;1.3)

1.0 (0.8;1.0)

0.08

NS

 Triglycerides, mmol/l

1.5 (1.1;2.1)

2.0 (1.4;2.5)

<0.05

NS

 LDL cholesterol, mmol/l

2.6 ± 0.8

3.0 ± 1.2

0.10

NS

Smoking (%)

18 (18.8)

5 (23.8)

NS

VCAM, ng/ml

549 (422;665)

621 (526;712)

NS

Peripheral endothelial function:

Forearm mediated dilation, %

1.13 (-0.4;3.28)

-1.22 (-2.5;1.0)

<0.01

Paradoxical vasoconstriction (%)

33 (34.4)

13 (61.9)

<0.05

3.1 [1.2-8.2], p < 0.05

Pharmacologic treatments

 Statins (%)

72 (75)

15 (71.4)

NS

 Fibrates (%)

5 (5.2)

3 (14.3)

NS

 Platelet antiaggregants (%)

58 (60.4)

15 (71.4)

NS

 ACE-inhibitors (%)

46 (47.9)

6 (28.6)

NS

 ARBs (%)

39 (40.6)

12 (57.1)

NS

 Beta-blockers (%)

17 (17.7)

5 (23.8)

NS

 Calcium-channel blockers (%)

31 (32.3)

10 (47.6)

NS

 Sulfonylureas (%)

65 (67.7)

11 (52.4)

NS

 Metformin (%)

83 (86.5)

18 (85.7)

NS

 Thiazolidinediones (%)

26 (27.1)

7 (33.3)

NS

 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (%)

38 (39.6)

4 (19)

0.08

NS

 Insulin (%)

38 (39.6)

10 (47.6)

NS