Table 2 Type 2 diabetic patients’ characteristics according to the presence or absence of silent myocardial ischemia
Total n = 118 | No SMI n = 58 | SMI n = 60 | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | Odds ratio [95CI] p | ||||
Clinical characteristics | |||||
Age ≥60 years (%) | 72 (61.0) | 39 (67.2) | 33 (55) | NS | |
Age, years | 61.1 ± 8.2 | 62.1 ± 7.9 | 60.2 ± 8.5 | NS | |
Gender (Male/Female) | 72/46 | 29/29 | 43/17 | <0.05 | NS |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.6 ± 5.4 | 31.6 ± 5.9 | 29.6 ± 4.7 | <0.05 | NS |
Diabetes | |||||
Diabetes duration, years | 13 (10;20) | 14 (9;21) | 13 (11;19) | NS | |
Diabetes duration ≥10 years (%) | 90 (76.3) | 42 (72.4) | 48 (80) | NS | |
HbA1c, % | 7.5 (6.8;8.7) | 7.5 (6.8;8.5) | 7.7 (6.8;8.8) | NS | |
HbA1c, mmol/l | 58 (51;72) | 58 (51;69) | 61 (51;73) | NS | |
Retinopathy (%) | 58 (51.3) | 25 (45.5) | 33 (56.9) | NS | |
Nephropathy (%) | 49 (41.5) | 18 (31.0) | 31 (51.7) | <0.05 | 2.6 [1.2-5.7], p < 0.05 |
Creatinine clearance, ml/min | 83 ± 22 | 84 ± 23 | 82 ± 21 | NS | |
Urinary albumin excretion rate (mg/day) | 17 (7;97) | 11(6;54) | 32 (12;277) | NS | |
Macroproteinuria (%) | 25 (21.4) | 9 (15.5) | 16 (27.1) | NS | |
Peripheral neuropathy (%) | 54 (45.8) | 24 (41.4) | 30 (50.0) | NS | |
Additional cardiovascular risk factors: | |||||
Hypertension (%) | 103 (87.3) | 48 (82.8) | 55 (91.7) | NS | |
Anti-hypertensive treatment (%) | 102 (86.4) | 47 (81.0) | 55 (91.7) | 0.10 | NS |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 103 (87.3) | 48(82.8) | 55(91.7) | NS | |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.1 (0.9;1.3) | 1.1 (1.0;1.3) | 1.0 (0.8;1.3) | 0.08 | NS |
Triglycerides, mmol/l | 1.5 (1.1;2.2) | 1.4 (1;1.8) | 1.8 (1.1;2.4) | 0.05 | NS |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | NS | |
Smoking (%) | 23 (19.5) | 9 (15.5) | 14 (23.3) | NS | |
Peripheral or carotid arterial disease (%) | 17 (14.5) | 8 (14) | 9 (15) | NS | |
VCAM, ng/ml | 562 (430;677) | 564 (464;665) | 555 (412;683) | NS | |
Peripheral endothelial function: | |||||
Forearm mediated dilation, % | 0.61 (-1.22;3.2) | 1.64 (0;3.69) | 0.12 (-2.3;1.58) | <0.01 | |
Paradoxical vasoconstriction (%) | 47 (39.8) | 17 (29.3) | 30 (50.0) | <0.05 | 2.7 [1.2-5.9], p < 0.05 |
Pharmacologic treatments | |||||
Statins (%) | 88 (74.6) | 41 (70.7) | 47 (78.3) | NS | |
Fibrates (%) | 8 (6.8) | 4 (6.9) | 4 (6.7) | NS | |
Platelet antiaggregants (%) | 74 (62.7) | 33 (56.9) | 41 (68.3) | NS | |
ACE-inhibitors (%) | 52 (44.1) | 25 (43.1) | 27 (45) | NS | |
ARBs (%) | 52 (44.1) | 24 (41.4) | 28 (46.7) | NS | |
Beta-blockers (%) | 22 (18.6) | 10 (17.2) | 12 (20) | NS | |
Calcium-channel blockers (%) | 41 (34.7) | 19 (32.8) | 22 (36.7) | NS | |
Sulfonylureas (%) | 77 (65.3) | 36 (62.1) | 41 (68.3) | NS | |
Metformin (%) | 102 (86.4) | 49 (84.5) | 53 (88.3) | NS | |
Thiazolidinediones (%) | 33 (28.0) | 14 (24.1) | 19 (31.7) | NS | |
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (%) | 42 (35.6) | 17 (29.3) | 25 (41.7) | NS | |
Insulin (%) | 49 (41.5) | 27 (46.6) | 22 (36.7) | NS |