Table 2 Characteristics of participants with known diabetes across the 3 studies

Age (years)

51 ± 8

53 ± 10

47 ± 13

0.25

0.078

< 0.001

Female Sex ^§

20 (54%)

75 (76%)

113 (60%)

0.014

0.494

0.008

Current Smoker ^§

17 (49%)

22 (26%)

93 (51%)

0.016

0.784

< 0.001

Diabetes Duration (years)*

6 (1 - 15)

7.5 (0 - 36)

9 (0 - 42)

0.144

0.114

0.643

Weight (kg)

76.3 ± 14.0

86.4 ± 17.2

84.1 ± 16.7

0.002

0.008

0.279

Height (cm)

168.6 ± 8.5

163.4 ± 8.4

166.5 ± 8.6

0.002

0.180

0.004

BMI (kg/m²)

26.7 ± 3.8

32.4 ± 6.1

30.2 ± 5.3

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.003

Waist (cm)

101.0 ± 9.7

108.8 ± 12.6

103.5 ± 10.8

0.001

0.199

< 0.001

Hip (cm)

98.0 ± 8.0

110.6 ± 13.4

110.5 ± 11.5

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.968

WHR

1.03 ± 0.07

0.99 ± 0.09

0.94 ± 0.07

0.014

< 0.001

< 0.001

Heart Rate (bpm)

76 ± 11

76 ± 11

71 ± 10

0.820

0.021

< 0.001

Systolic BP(mmHg)

131 ± 26

128 ± 18

125 ± 17

0.408

0.065

0.183

Diastol BP(mmHg)

76 ± 11

78 ± 10

74 ± 9

0.2112

0.315

< 0.001

HbA1c^† (%)

8.7 (7.8-9.6)

8.1 (7.7 - 8.4)

8.0 (7.7 - 8.3)

0.123

0.111

0.751

Total cholesterol^† (mmol/L)

4.8 (4.5-5.0)

5.0 (4.8-5.3)

4.8 (4.6 - 4.9)

0.253

0.972

0.061

Triglycerides^† (mmol/L)

2.4 (2.0-2.8)

2.4 (2.1 - 2.8)

1.7 (1.6 - 1.9)

0.935

< 0.001

< 0.001

HDL-cholesterol^† (mmol/L)

0.82 (0.76-0.89)

0.96 (0.91-1.02)

1.17 (1.11-1.23)

0.006

< 0.001

< 0.001

Creatinine^† (umol/L)

-

72.7 (67.8-77.9)

62.8 (60.1-65.8)

-

-

< 0.001

eGFR (MDRD)

-

83.6 (77.6-90.1)

107.1 (102-112)

-

-

< 0.001

CRP^† (mg/L)

6.6 (4.7 - 9.3)

6.8 (5.7 - 8.1)

3.1 (2.6 - 3.6)

0.870

< 0.001

< 0.001

Homocysteine^† (umol/L)

12.4(10.8-14)

10.2 (9.5-11.1)

7.1 (6.8 - 7.5)

0.016

< 0.001

< 0.001

Urine ACR^† (mg/mmol)

10.3(5.7-18.5)

2.4 (1.6-3.8)

4.5 (3.6 - 5.6)

0.004

0.003

0.007