Dietary saturated fat/cholesterol, but not unsaturated fat or starch, induces C-reactive protein associated early atherosclerosis and ectopic fat deposition in diabetic pigs

Table 4 Fasting plasma concentrations of lipid metabolites, hormones and inflammatory markers in diabetic pigs fed saturated fat/cholesterol or unsaturated fat or starch enriched diets

	Saturated fat plus cholesterol diet	Unsaturated fat diet	Starch diet
NEFA (mmol/L)	1.09 ± 0.17^A	0.80 ± 0.14^AB	0.58 ± 0.14^B
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.58 ± 0.17	0.51 ± 0.05	0.43 ± 0.11
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	9.9 ± 1.2^A	2.0 ± 0.1 ^B	1.7 ± 0.2 ^B
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.1 ± 0.2^A	0.4 ± 0.0 ^B	0.5 ± 0.0 ^B
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.3 ± 0.3^A	1.3 ± 0.1 ^B	1.1 ± 0.1 ^B
VLDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.5 ± 0.8^A	0.2 ± 0.1 ^B	0.1 ± 0.0 ^B
Ratio HDL/LDL cholesterol	0.64 ± 0.08	0.35 ± 0.05	0.46 ± 0.03
Ratio HDL/total cholesterol	0.21 ± 0.01^A	0.23 ± 0.02^A	0.29 ± 0.01 ^B
Glucagon (pmol/L)	131 ± 25	114 ± 35	83 ± 10
Cortisol (nmol/L)	334 ± 44	284 ± 69	262 ± 50
Haptoglobin (pg/mL)	251 ± 132	394 ± 100	236 ± 52
IL-6 (pg/mL)	2224 ± 1102	818 ± 664	459 ± 270
TNF-α (pg/mL)	610 ± 289	394 ± 248	384 ± 135

ISSN: 1475-2840