Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of the Subjects
Variables | All (n = 58) | Control group (n = 32) | Ipragliflozin group (n = 26) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 month | 24 months | P value | 0 month | 24 months | P value | ||
Age, yr | 65.1 ± 10.4 | 66.3 ± 10.4 |  |  | 63.5 ± 10.4 |  |  |
Male, n (%) | 39 (67.2) | 22 (68.8) | Â | Â | 17 (65.4) | Â | Â |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.3 ± 5.0 | 28.1 ± 5.9 | 27.9 ± 5.5 | 0.30 | 28.4 ± 3.8 | 26.7 ± 3.8* | < 0.01 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 132 ± 14 | 134 ± 14 | 133 ± 13 | 0.80 | 130 ± 14 | 128 ± 13 | 0.56 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 77 ± 14 | 76 ± 14 | 73 ± 10 | 0.12 | 76 ± 14 | 74 ± 13 | 0.40 |
Heart rate, bpm | 70 ± 15 | 67 ± 12 | 71 ± 13 | 0.05 | 73 ± 17 | 74 ± 14 | 0.75 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.57 ± 0.55 | 4.61 ± 0.55 | 4.32 ± 0.87 | 0.01 | 4.52 ± 0.67 | 4.63 ± 0.90** | 0.39 |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.25 ± 0.33 | 1.35 ± 0.35 | 1.31 ± 0.26 | 0.23 | 1.12 ± 0.26* | 1.20 ± 0.20 | 0.03 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.62 ± 0.61 | 2.62 ± 0.69 | 2.40 ± 0.55 | 0.04 | 2.62 ± 0.52 | 2.68 ± 0.73** | 0.45 |
Glucose, mmol/L | 8.25 ± 1.31 | 8.3 ± 1.87 | 7.85 ± 1.67 | 0.21 | 8.19 ± 1.77 | 7.24 ± 1.35 | < 0.01 |
HbA1c, % | 7.4 ± 0.7 | 7.4 ± 0.7 | 7.3 ± 0.7 | 0.27 | 7.4 ± 0.8 | 7.0 ± 0.9 | < 0.01 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 71.7 ± 18.1 | 73.7 ± 20.6 | 74.7 ± 21.2 | 0.49 | 69.3 ± 14.6 | 69.1 ± 15.5** | 0.88 |
Current smoker, n (%) | 9 (15.5) | 7 (21.9) | Â | Â | 2 (7.7) | Â | Â |
Medical history, n (%) | |||||||
 Hypertension | 37 (63.8) | 21 (65.6) |  |  | 16 (61.5) |  |  |
 Dyslipidemia | 28 (48.3) | 14 (43.8) |  |  | 14 (53.8) |  |  |
 Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease | 22 (37.9) | 10 (31.2) |  |  | 12 (46.2) |  |  |
 Previous stroke | 4 (6.9) | 2 (6.2) |  |  | 2 (7.7) |  |  |
 Heart failure | 8 (13.8) | 4 (12.5) |  |  | 4 (15.4) |  |  |
Medication, n (%) | |||||||
 ACE inhibitors | 9 (15.5) | 5 (15.6) | 5 (15.6) | 1.00 | 4 (15.4) | 4 (15.4) | 1.00 |
 ARBs | 36 (62.1) | 22 (68.8) | 22 (68.8) | 1.00 | 14 (53.8) | 16 (61.5) | 0.57 |
 Calcium channel blockers | 43 (74.1) | 26 (81.2) | 26 (81.2) | 1.00 | 17 (65.4) | 17 (65.4) | 1.00 |
 Beta-blockers | 24 (41.4) | 12 (37.5) | 14 (43.8) | 0.61 | 12 (46.2) | 12 (46.2) | 1.00 |
 Statins | 38 (65.5) | 21 (65.6) | 21 (65.6) | 1.00 | 17 (65.4) | 17 (65.4) | 1.00 |
 Antiplatelet drugs | 32 (41.6) | 13 (41.9) | 12 (38.7) | 0.80 | 9 (34.6) | 9 (34.6) | 1.00 |
 Insulin | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 | 1 (3.8) | 2 (7.7) | 0.55 |
 Metformin | 24 (41.4) | 15 (46.9) | 16 (50.0) | 0.80 | 9 (34.6) | 10 (38.5) | 0.77 |
 Sulfonylurea | 10 (17.2) | 8 (25.0) | 7 (21.9) | 0.77 | 2 (7.7) | 1 (3.8) | 0.55 |
 Thiazolidinedione | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.2) | 0.09 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | N/A |
 DPP-4 inhibitors | 37 (63.8) | 19 (59.4) | 19 (59.4) | 1.00 | 18 (69.2) | 16 (61.5) | 0.57 |
 GLP-1 receptor agonists | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | N/A | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.8) | 0.24 |
 FMD, % | 5.3 ± 2.7 | 5.4 ± 2.9 | 5.0 ± 3.2 | 0.34 | 5.2 ± 2.6 | 5.2 ± 2.6 | 0.96 |