Table 3 Examples of the potential role of ncRNAs as biomarkers of cardiovascular complications of diabetes

[78]

122 patients with CLI and T2DM, 20 patients with CLI & 43 non-ischemic and non-diabetic subjects

Serum

miR-15a and miR-16 positively correlate with the risk of amputation after restenosis

Serum miR-15a is positively associated with post-revascularization restenosis considered as the first event

[221]

90 non-HF, 90 HFpEF & 90 HFrEF

Serum

Reduced levels of miR-146a-5p in HF patients compared with the control group

Combination with contemporaneous laboratory parameters provides an optimal discriminative value

[218]

55 patients with DM & 80 non-DM patients

Circulating microparticles

miR-26a and miR-126 are significantly reduced in DM patients compared to controls

Patients with reduced miR-26a and miR-126 expression levels are at higher risk for the occurrence of a concomitant CAD

[219]

86 patients with well-controlled T2DM

Serum

miR-1 and miR-133a levels are independent predictors of myocardial steatosis

[222]

28 healthy controls, 26 patients with DM, 22 patients with chronic HF & 15 patients with both DM and chronic HF

Plasma

miR-30c is reduced in patients with DM and HF

miR-30c levels are negatively correlated with plasma glucose levels in patients with chronic HF

[223]

63 patients with DM with and without cardiac dysfunction

Plasma

miR-144 is significantly decreased in the plasma of patients with DM with cardiac dysfunction

Plasma miR-144 could serve as a specific predictor of patients with DM developing cardiac dysfunction

Long non-coding RNAs

[232]

414 patients with acute MI

Whole Blood

MIAT is a predictor of LV dysfunction at 4 months after MI

56 patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy, 44 patients with DM but without cardiomyopathy & 42 healthy controls

Serum

HOTAIR is a diagnostic biomarker of diabetic cardiomyopathy

[234]

6 patients with DMs and 6 healthy subjects

Serum

KCNQ1OT1 is elevated in patients with DM

Circular RNAs

[234]

45 patients with T2DM and 45 healthy subjects

Peripheral white blood cells

circANKRD36 is associated with chronic inflammation in T2DM patients