Table 1 Characteristics of the cases and matched controls for primary outcome

Duration between index stroke and the development of the case, year

1.70 ± 1.54

1.70 ± 1.54

Sex, male

11,710 (56.11)

3,5130 (56.11)

Age at index stroke, years

72.21 ± 10.84

72.18 ± 10.81

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

18,971 (90.91)

54,801 (87.53)

 Atrial fibrillation

5,507 (26.39)

12,227 (19.53)

 Malignancy

3,158 (15.13)

5,619 (8.98)

 Renal disease

7,436 (35.63)

18,854 (30.12)

 Coronary artery disease

4,137 (19.82)

10,882 (17.38)

Non-oral antidiabetic medication

 Insulin

5,983 (28.67)

17,949 (28.67)

 Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist

3 (0.01)

9 (0.01)

Oral antidiabetic medication

 Sulfonylurea

4,038 (19.35)

12,114 (19.35)

 Biguanide

7,702 (36.91)

23,106 (36.91)

 Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor

6,352 (30.44)

19,056 (30.44)

 Sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor

222 (1.06)

666 (1.06)

 Meglitinide

18 (0.09)

54 (0.09)

 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor

148 (0.71)

444 (0.71)

Cardiovascular medication

 Antiplatelet

11,119 (53.28)

40,125 (64.09)

 Anticoagulant

2,306 (11.05)

6,876 (10.98)

 Statin

9,901 (47.44)

37,640 (60.12)

Thiazolidinedione treatment

 no thiazolidinedione

20,226 (96.92)

59,823 (95.55)

 Lobeglitazone

135 (0.65)

559 (0.89)

 Pioglitazone

508 (2.43)

2,225 (3.55)