Lower heart rate variability, an index of worse autonomic function, is associated with worse beta cell response to a glycemic load in vivo—The Maastricht Study

Rinaldi, Elisabetta; van der Heide, Frank CT; Bonora, Enzo; Trombetta, Maddalena; Zusi, Chiara; Kroon, Abraham A; Schram, Miranda T; van der Kallen, Carla JH; Wesselius, Anke; Bonadonna, Riccardo; Mari, Andrea; Schalkwijk, Casper G; van Greevenbroek, Marleen MJ; Stehouwer, Coen DA

doi:10.1186/s12933-023-01837-0

Cardiovascular Diabetology

Table 3 Associations of time- and frequency- domain heart rate variability with C-peptidogenic index, overall insulin secretion, beta cell glucose sensitivity, beta cell potentiation factor, and beta cell rate sensitivity

From: Lower heart rate variability, an index of worse autonomic function, is associated with worse beta cell response to a glycemic load in vivo—The Maastricht Study

	C-peptidogenic index	P-value	Overall insulin secretion	P-value	Beta cell glucose sensitivity	P-value	Beta cell potentiation factor	P-value	Beta cell rate sensitivity	P-value
HRV time- domain, per SD	stβ [95% CI]		stβ [95% CI]		stβ [95% CI]		stβ [95% CI]		stβ [95% CI]
Crude	-0.061 (-0.104 to -0.017)	0.007	-0.010 (-0.054 to 0.033)	0.641	-0.040 (-0.084 to 0.003)	0.070	-0.073 (-0.116 to -0.029)	0.001	-0.038 (-0.082 to 0.006)	0.088
1	-0.060 (-0.104 to -0.016)	0.008	-0.004 (-0.048 to 0.040)	0.870	-0.043 (-0.086 to 0.001)	0.058	-0.073 (-0.117 to -0.029)	0.001	-0.021 (-0.065 to 0.023)	0.340
2	-0.059 (-0.104 to -0.014)	0.010	-0.037 (-0.081 to 0.006)	0.089	-0.048 (-0.093 to -0.004)	0.033	-0.045 (-0.088 to -0.001)	0.043	-0.023 (-0.067 to 0.022)	0.315
3 A	-0.051 (-0.097 to -0.006)	0.027	-0.041 (-0.084 to 0.002)	0.060	-0.040 (-0.084 to 0.004)	0.077	-0.038 (-0.081 to 0.006)	0.089	-0.016 (-0.061 to 0.029)	0.49
3B	-0.049 (-0.094 to -0.003)	0.035	-0.037 (-0.080 to 0.006)	0.092	-0.037 (-0.082 to 0.007)	0.098	-0.038 (-0.082 to 0.006)	0.087	-0.012 (-0.057 to 0.033)	0.589
HRV frequency- domain, per SD	stβ [95% CI]		stβ [95% CI]		stβ [95% CI]		stβ [95% CI]		stβ [95% CI]
Crude	-0.061 (-0.105 to -0.018)	0.006	-0.014 (-0.058 to 0.030)	0.770	-0.044 (-0.088 to -0.0001)	0.049	-0.073 (-0.116 to -0.029)	0.001	-0.038 (-0.082 to 0.005)	0.086
1	-0.060 (-0.104 to -0.015)	0.009	-0.005 (-0.049 to 0.040)	0.833	-0.045 (-0.090 to -0.001)	0.044	-0.072 (-0.116 to -0.028)	0.001	-0.017 (-0.062 to 0.027)	0.443
2	-0.059 (-0.104 to -0.014)	0.011	-0.036 (-0.080 to 0.007)	0.100	-0.051 (-0.095 to -0.006)	0.026	-0.046 (-0.089 to -0.002)	0.041	-0.018 (-0.063 to 0.026)	0.417
3 A	-0.050 (-0.096 to -0.004)	0.033	-0.039 (-0.082 to 0.005)	0.082	-0.039 (-0.084 to 0.006)	0.087	-0.035 (-0.079 to 0.009)	0.118	-0.010 (-0.056 to 0.035)	0.652
3B	-0.048 (-0.094 to -0.002)	0.040	-0.035 (-0.078 to 0.009)	0.117	-0.036 (-0.081 to 0.008)	0.109	-0.035 (-0.078 to 0.012)	0.122	-0.008 (-0.053 to 0.037)	0.734

Standardized regression coefficient (stβ) represents the difference in beta cell index (in SD) per 1-SD lower HRV measure, where time domain HRV was estimated from SDNN, SDANN, RMSSD, SDNN index and pNN50; and frequency domain was estimated from TP, ULF, VLF, LF, and HF. Overall beta cell response composite score was estimated from C-peptidogenic index, overall insulin secretion, beta cell glucose sensitivity, beta cell potentiation factor, and beta cell rate sensitivity
Bold indicates p < 0.05
Variables entered in the models in addition to HRV: Crude: none; model 1: age, sex, and educational status (low, medium, high); model 2: model 1 + Matsuda Index; model 3 A: model 2 + total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, lipid-modifying medication (yes/no), BMI, smoking status (current, ever, never), and alcohol consumption status (none, low, high); Model 3B: model 3 A + office systolic blood pressure and use of antihypertensive medication
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; HRV, heart rate variability, HDL, high density lipid; BMI, body-mass index. All abbreviations for indices of HRV are presented in the Methods section

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